Fuses & Earthing

 When we use electricity, there are dangers to using it as they can cause fires, causing a power surge in power, and sudden changes in current, which are all dangers when handling electrical appliances. 

Ways to mitigate these dangers are with circuit breakers, fuses, double insulation, and grounded or earth wires.
Circuit breakers and fuses work in similar ways, but they have differences as they both cut power to the rest of the circuit when too much current flows through it, 

How a fuse works is that a live wire is connected by a thin metal wire that, when too much current flows through the live wire and, the fuse melt,s cutting power from the circuit and potentially saving the appliance from breaking or getting overloaded, and these fuses come in different ratings for different applications.

If we take an appliance that needs a 3A or 3 amp current, to add a fuse to it we can add a fuse that is 5A or 5 amps so that it will shut off the current to it if the appliance gets affected by a power surge.
Or if an appliance runs at 10A then using a 13 or 12 amp fuse is nnessessary.

The reason why we use fuses is that its cheep and simple to use, thats why when we have appliances such as toasters and microwaves often have built in fuses in their plugs, one downside is that fuses are a one time use, meaning that once the fuse stops a power surge, it is permenently distroyed has has to be replaced. 

The other way to stop a current from flowing during a surge is via a Circuit breaker. Instead of being perminently damaged when a power surge happens, it instead "trips" which disconects it from the circuit so that no fuse is spent and can be used, thats why in breaker boxes when the power in your house trips, you can just flip a switch and have your electricity restored to your house.

One of the dangers of a power surge is that the live wire (brown) touches the appliance directly or the appliance's casing, which causes the appliance to be charge with electricity, one way to stop the acsedental shocks from the live wire touching the appliance is via a "earth wire' which is a wire that provides another path for the current that was previously flowing though the appliance to instead be 'grounded' and even if the live wire would be touching the appliance directly, the ground wire should protect you from getting shocked.

Another way is to double insulate an appliance which basically means to add a non conductve outer layer which is most commonly plastic, if a device like a smart phone, tablet or appliance has double insulation most of the time it doesn't need an earth wire,  two layers to protect the user from being shocked

Molecular & Empirical Formulas

A Molecular formula is a type of formula that displays the formula of a molecule with numbers and letters. This formula's depiction of the molecules is more precise, but it takes longer to write. An example of this formula is Glucose, which is C6H12O6, meaning there are 6 Carbon atoms, 12 Hydrogen atoms, and 6 Oxygen atoms.

The empirical formula it is much simplier to write but lacks in complexity and detail that writing it in the molecular formula would allow.
For example, CH2O means that for every Carbon and Oxygen, there are 2 Hydrogen atoms.

If you want to turn an molecular formula to an empirical formula, the first thing we need to know is the ratios of the atoms, so let's take a molecular formula of Ethane, which is C2H6. 

To make this simplier and into a empirical formula we must first make the numbers smaller, so we can devide the C2H6. And Divide it by 2 to get CH3, so it is an easier forumla.

Lets now convert CH3, which is a empirical formula into a chemical one.
We are given the MR or the Molar mass which is equal to 30, so in this MR = 30, and the empirical formula and  

The Vedic Period

As we know, the Indus Valley Civilisation, which is now in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, then in the third millennium BCE and then in the second millennium BCE starts its decline. We still don't know why it declined. Maybe due to a natural disaster, maybe a river that was vital to them or maybe climate change. We still don't know. 

The Vedic period was the era of the Indo-Aryans in South Asia, who migrated into the Indus Valley during its decline.
We get the name Vedic from the literary works called the Vedas, which is a Sanskrit word meaning knowledge. These Vedas people are the baseline of modern Indian culture. 

The important Vedas are the Rigvera, Yajurveda, Samaveda and the Athervavera, Rigvera being the oldest of the group. Rigvera's first appearance is at the start of the Vedic period at around 1500 BCE, till around 1200 BCE, which is around 3,000 - 3,500 years ago.

They were cattle herders, and they may have been nomadic, and were expanding beyond the Indus River Valley, to the whole of what is now the Gangetic plain in north east India and Bangladesh. 
They did become farmers around what is the late Vedic period and started becoming more like a kingdom.

Then, the Hindu stories or Epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana, these stories or poems were originally told verbally, but maybe during this late period or after the Vedic period, these stories would eventually be written down.

Sanskrit is one of the oldest Indo-European languages on earth, and it is related to languages like Greek and Latin, and some Germanic languages like Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Sanskrit is as old as Mycenaean Greek and the Hittite Language.

The first documented piece