History of Vollyball

Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical director of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was created as an indoor sport for businessmen who found the game of basketball too difficult.

Morgan called the sport “mignonette,” until a professor from Springfield College in Massachusetts said that “volleyball” would be a better fitting name for the game. The original rules were written by Morgan and printed in 1897 and were dubbed "The Official Handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men’s Christian Associations of North America". And it was soon to be taught in other countries.

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country.

Kazakhstan was part of the USSR before independence. 

Astana is the capital.

Kazakhstan is full of natural resources, about 100 elements from the periodic table can be found and mined in Kazakhstan.

The population of 18.1 million people.

Jordan

 Amman is their capital.

Petra is here, the place where Indiana Jones drank the goblet thingy.

Jordan shares the dead sea with Israel which is 9 times saltier than any ocean. 

Even though Jordan is a desert they get rain, and sometimes, even snow. But rain is very rare as most of the wild animals have either died or when extinct because of the lack of rain.

A population of 10.27 million.

Jordanian Dinar is their currency.

There are about 3 million Palestinians fleeing to the nearby countries of Iraq, Israel, and you guessed it Jordan. Meaning that there was a massive influx of people that Jordan, an already resource-scarce country, has to provide for people that they did not see coming. 

History of glass

Glass dates back to about 2500 BC. It originated in Mesopotamia and then was later brought to Egypt. Vessels of glass appeared about 1450 BC, during the reign of Thutmose III, a pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt.

 Glass is naturally according due to the type of glass named Obsidian glass from volcanos, in the stone age, obsidian was used in tools and weapons for its razor-sharp capabilities.   

During the late bronze age in Egypt, there was a sudden surge in the popularity of glassmaking, Archelogiests found colored glass ingots and beads. 

around the 15th century, glass production increased around Western Asia and Egypt, glass was a material of luxury as only the rich could afford it. The techniques and recipes for glass and the other materials that were fuzed with it were secret only to the particular industries that knew how to make it. Glass workers elsewhere had to rely on imports of pre-formed glass, often formed in glass ingots.

The first "manual" for glassmaking dates back to ca. 650 BCE, instructions on how to make glass are contained on a stone tablet in the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. 

And now glass is used in windows and in cars and other things. Glass is cool.

History of Marbles

 Marbles. You have seen them, small glass marbles completely smooth.

Historians think that centuries ago cave people used rocks and small pebbles.

Round balls of clay, were found in tombs in ancient Egypt, and Aztec pyramids, for thousands of years marbles were a large form of entertainment and a popular game.

In 1815 the earliest book on marbles was published in England; according to the book, marbles were made of clay, glass, or even real marble at that time. 

In 1848 a German glassblower invented the marble scissors (a mold to make marbles) that revolutionized the process of making marbles. Then in 1890, the first machine-made marbles were made in Germany and later that year in the United States probably in Ohio.

In 1950 several changes occurred in marble making. First, in Japan, the cat's eyes marble was created by injecting colored glass into the normal marble. Then in the U.S. People found out that if you bake your marbles before they cool you will get a crackled effect.

Perhaps the biggest event in marble history occurred in 1960 when Neil Armstrong (the first man on the moon) described the Earth out of his spaceship window as a “big blue marble.”

In the 1980s magnetic marbles became a sensation because of the “Toys in Space” program.

There has been a National Marbles Tournament since 1922.

Marbles little small balls of history.

 

A plant that kills you

 Dumbcane is a plant that has big leaves and a streak of white in the middle of the leaf.

If you eat it, it causes blisters or swelling that can cause difficulting breathing and speaking. The reason behind it is Calcium Oxalate, the main component of kidney stones. The effects can last to 2 weeks and become fatal if it is in your windpipe.

Poison ivy with mangos

 Poison ivy and mangos skin have the same chemicals, titled urushiol, that is on both mango skins and the whole poison ivy plant.

Meaning that if you were to touch poison ivy before eating mangos, your body could be conditioned to see the urushiol in the mango as poison ivy, meaning you could be allergic to mangos if you get in contact first with ivy.

So to be safe eat mangos so that your body gets used to urushiol, then you can touch poison ivy.

Apples going yellow

 when apples go brown there is a chemical called polyphenol oxidase, which reacts with oxygen (the stuff that we breathe and is all around us), and has the annoying side effect of when it reacts to oxygen it makes a brown pigment.

All you have to do is stop it or block that enzyme and it will not turn brown, since they are proteins you can change them in a variety of ways. 

Heating them up, cooling them, or changing acidic levels, a way to do this is with lemon juice as that is very acidic, since it is acidic it changes the enzyme and blocks polyphenol oxidase, if you dislike the lemon flavor, you can do it with lemon juice (it won't work as well but still a choice). 

Strangely enough Saltwater does also work, studies show that the salt in the water binds with something in the polyphenol oxidase and stops it.

Yeah, either apple juice, lemon juice, or saltwater. No more yellow-brown or yellow apples. :D

Japan

 Tokyo is the largest city in the world fitting about 37 million people.

The country is made of 6850 islands, but most of the land is made of 4 main islands, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku.

Known for its amazing public transportation system in the world with bullet trains.

They also have lots of volcanos, so they use that to make hot spring baths.

They love fish and it is the most technologically advanced fishing country and has the largest fish market in the world.

They are the leaders of robotics in the world.

With he population of 127 million people.

Japenese Yen as currency.

The Japanese langue is not that hard to learn but is it a nightmare to write, they use Kanji, and Hiragana Katakana.

The largest game-making and playing country in the world. 

History of Coffeee

Coffee dates back to centuries of an old tradition in Africa. Coffee plants grew in Ethiopia and were widely used by nomadic tribes for thousands of years. Sufi Islam monasteries in Yemen employed coffee as an aid for concentration during prayers.

The word coffee entered the English language in 1582 through the Dutch word koffie, from the Ottoman Turkish kahve.

The first mention of the coffee tree in history was around the 15th century, Sufi Imam Muhammad Ibn Said Al Dhabhani often imported coffee from Ethiopia to Yemen.

Coffee is tasty.

Jamaica

 Jamaica is the 4th largest island in the Caribbean. 

The capital is Kingston.

The names of places are very weird compared to other places, some of the names are Broke neck gully, Betty's hope, Rattrap, rest and be thankful, see me no more, time and patience. And the best one: me no sen you no come. (yeah that is real the name of some places).

There are villages here called Maroon villages which are villagers made by the descendants of escaped slaves and have created villages in the mountains.

There is a place called Winsor's fire Springs, where you can literally light water on fire.

Cannabis (or marijuana) is known as part of Jamaican culture, growing marijuana was illegal but you could find plants in the forests, now they are legal and you are allowed to have a maximum of 5 plants but if you have a cultivator's license it is more. 

The population of 3 million people.

The Jamaican dollar is their currency.

History of the Trash compator

M.S. Wells patented the first trash compactor in 1941 for crushing oil cans. By the 1970s, John A. Boyd filed a patent for compacting household trash using hydraulic pressure from a water connection. This allowed the garbage to be compressed and made it easier for disposal. 

Nowadays trash compactors can control odors and handle wet and dry items.

From the price (about $1,000 when you factor in installation as well), the trash compactor failed in the market for various reasons. Users felt it took up too much space. It also left with compacted rectangular-shaped packages that didn’t fit into round garbage bins. And while the compactor decreased volume (storage space), it increased the density of the compacted items, making for a full compactor bag weighing more than 30 pounds (about the same weight as 20 dozen eggs) this as well as its cost made it difficult to sell.

And now trash compactors are in a decline in popularity. They are dangerous too if you are fixing a large one and it starts to compress, you are good as dead (meaning squashed to death).

So they are dangerous as well as expensive to install and purchase, and that is a reason for less usage of the Trash compactor.

Youth Talk Class: 7

Languages are extremely important, as languages are used in combination to communicate with other people.

About 350 million people speak Arabic as their first language and 25 countries has Arabic as their official language. Of about 7.8 billion people, 1.35 billion speak English as their mother tounges, and 360 million speak it as their first language. About 1 billion as their second language. 

Côte D'ivoire

Côte D'Ivoire, or the Ivory coast.

Strangely there are two capitals Abidjan the economic capital, and Yamoussoukro the political capital.

The Ivory coast came from the trade of Ivory before it became Illegal, but they make lots of chocolate, as they are the world's number ONE producer of Cocoa. Some Cocoa farmers don't even get to try chocolate but know that it is a high-demand item.

The population of 25 million people.

West African CFA franc.

Batz

 Bats are cool, we use their poop as fertilizer.

Their immune systems are very good and we can use them to help with combatting diseases.

Durian, mangos, bananas, WOW ALL OF THEM ARE POLIINATED BY BATS. 

Bats can eat 500 mosques per hour.

Yes bats are cooool.

the History of Spears

 The spear is a pole-type weapon using a rod usually wood, the word "spear" comes from the old English word "spere" meaning "spear pole".

It is a close-range weapon and ranged weapon (commonly referred to as a Javelin), using either bone, flint, obsidian, iron, steel, or bronze as its sharp tip it was used in many wars from the Greeks to Medievals it is a vital part of histories weapons.

Along with the axe knife and club, it was one of the most significant tools invented by earlier humans, used as a tool for hunting and fishing, and used up to now as it is part of bayonets. 

From boats to throwing, a weapon so deadly and powerful has had a significant impact on history.

Italy

  Capital Rome.

Italy has more Unesco heritage sites in the world about 50+.

Industry and production are large here as Fiar Lamborghini Ferrari Ducati, and other cars and made here.

The population of 59.07 million.

Euro as their currency.

Science of Rubber

Rubber comes from the latex of the rubber tree, natural rubber is used in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials.  industrial demand for rubber-like materials began to outrun natural rubber supplies by the end of the 19th century, leading to the making of synthetic rubber in 1909 by chemicals.

rubber was first used for making balls for the Mesoamerican ballgame, rubber was later used by the Maya and Aztecs.

Half of the world's rubber is used in car tires.

Tapping a rubber tree is using a tap and hammering it into the tree and being able take the sap used in rubber.

History of Wein

The wine is nice and tasty wine (time to get drunk).

The wine was made with fermented grapes and yeast, and it was made for thousands of years, the earliest proof was in the Caucasus region of modern-day Georgia around 6000 BCE.

Wine is very prominent in religion, in ancient Egypt Red wine meant blood, and was used in the Greek cult of Dionysus. 

One of the reasons why people drink wine is for its intoxication effects, the steady spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians who spread outward from a base of city-states along the Mediterranean coast centered around modern-day Lebanon.

WEIN.

The History of Cellophane tape

 Cellophane tape is used as a binding substance to stick objects together.

in 1925 Richard Drew invented the first Pressure adhesive tape, it was designed to help with two-tone auto paint jobs because it was difficult to have a border between the two colors. In response, after two years of work in 3M's labs, Drew invented the first masking tape, a two-inch-wide paper strip with a light, pressure-sensitive adhesive.

The adhesive was only on the sides of the strip and in its first-ever test run to try to do a two-tone paint job the tape fell off the sides, and the person adding the tape to do the paint job said to add more adhesive.

In 1930 it was titled the Scotch Cellophane tape.

Sailing stones

 These are the rocks in death valley's arid lake beds called The Racetrack, they are stones or rocks that seem to move by themselves, weighing about 320 kilograms.

Yeah moving by themselves, rocks, moving yeah. Some just stay in the same spot for decades, but when they do move they leave a long linear line behind them. Some of these rocks have traveled more than 450 meters.

To figure out why they move scientists put GPS trackers on them and titled the article "The most boring study ever". Two years into the project a couple of scientists went to the racetrack and found that the lake had a thin layer of water, and then one of the rocks moved.

They published the paper saying that there were circumstances that had to be fulfilled for the stones to sail. One: was that it had to have water deep enough for floating sheets of ice to form but shallow enough not to cover the stones. Two: at night the water has to freeze and the ice breaks off to form floating sheets of ice. Three: the wind has to be strong enough to push the ice which in turn pushes the stones allowing them to sail.

Sailing stones, Weeeeeee.

In the Shade of the Qur'an by Dr Abd Aziz pt: 6

 Allah does not like when people slandered Moses.

 

History of GUNS

Guns are classified as fire arm, usually firing solid projectiles, but they can also discharge pressurized water in the form of water guns, spray guns, and gas and throwers.

Usually using pressured air to fire the projectile at substantial speeds.

The first designs of the gun were made by the Chinese around 1000 AD, by the end of the 13th century, using gunpowder instead of pressurized air (since this is the 13th century).

The arquebus (an earlier form of the musket) was brought to the Ottomans and Europe around the 15th century, then the Musket came out which was a heavier version of the arquebus.

Around the 1840s the modern-day gun was designed, then in 1861 the Gatling gun.

WW2 is when the germans brought in the first rifle, the StG44. it was the first firearm to be a combination of long-range rifles, machine guns, and close-range submachine guns.

PEWE PEW

Israel

Yeah, Palestine and Israel.

Isreal's Tel Aviv is the second most Technolgy advanced city other than silicon valley.

The population of 9 million.

Israel is one of the most educated counties in the world.

 

Youth Talk Class: 6

Aqeeah is the Islamic creed as a way to tie Islam.

Allah is the sustainer of everything and he brought the systematic universe into existence.

It is not good to use plastic surgery to beautify yourself, you can use it if it is after a car accident for example.

 

Fire

Using the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various side products.

The flame is the "fire" seen by people, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, and nitrogen. If hot enough, the gases from the flame may become ionized to produce plasma.

Known to cause physical burning damage to the skin, one of the main "Classical elements" from Greek mythology, along with air, water, and earth.

Utilized in human rituals, cooking, light, and heat for warmth, signaling, propulsion  purposes, smelting, forging, incineration (burning) of waste, cremation, and as a weapon or method of destruction.

Ceramic tiles

Ceramic tiles use various combinations of clay, rocks, sand, and other materials.

The creation period of tiles started from about 4,700 B.C. Until the end of the Roman Empire around A.D 500.

This is considered an early predecessor to the modern tile. These old materials have survived thousands of years.

The word “tile” originates from the Latin word “tegula,” meaning “to cover,” and the word  “ceramic” comes from the Ancient Greek word “kéramos,” meaning “potter’s earth.”

In ancient Mesopotamia (around 3000 B.C.) they made durable tile bricks by firing the clay at extreme temperatures. These bricks covered building exteriors to protect the buildings from the elements. 

Tiles can be used as a way to decorate walls, used from Iran to Europe to the far east.

Toilets, walls, roofs, and floors. All can be covered in tiles.

Ireland

 Yeah, the British took a lot of lands here.

Capital Dublin.

Known for the famous Cliffs of Mohre, which are 120 meters above the ocean.

4.8 million people.

Euro is the currency.

Purple flagggs

 No country's flags have purple in them, thought history there was no purple in flags.

For one reason only, it was expensive, up to the 1800s purple had a weight in gold.

It is used by Royalty, and it meant Royal wealth, Queen Elizabeth the first prohibited anyone other than the British royal family from wearing purple, the status of the color came from its rarity.

The purple came from a place called near the Meditteranean sea Tyre, now modern-day Lebanon, traders found the dye from sea snails around Tyre named Tyree purple. The amount of effort was staggering, as it needed 10,000 purple sea snails just to get one gram of the dye.

As it was expensive and was only used and bought by royalty, it came synonymous with Rome, Egypt, and Persia.

The emperor Aurelion did not allow his wife to buy a head scarf made of purple Tyree, one pound of it cost around three pounds of gold or 51,000 USD in today's money.

A century later, in 1856, an 18-year-old scientist named Henry Perkin, accidentally made a synthetic purple while trying to make an anti-malaria medicine, so he patent the dye and became rich.

After it became affordable to the public, the status of the elite from the color purple, and some newer country flags use purple in their flags.

Purple the color that is now everywhere.

Wrinkles

Why do our wrinkles look like raisins?

Well, scientists thought that it was some kind of osmosis, but it did not happen if the patient had nerve damage.

One patent was a boy with nerve damage in three of his fingers, and he could not feel anything from those and felt numb, and when they put his hand in the water, it was only the fingers that he could feel from got wrinkles. The numb ones did not have wrinkles, but the normal ones did.

It is actually the nervous system's response to extended contact with moisture, the nervous system actually constricts the blood vessels and that constriction is the reason why your fingers have risen.

Biologists think that it may be because of evolution. One theory says "maybe because of better grip underwater". How they tested this is scientists took two groups of wrinkly and non-wrinkly fingers,  and they were requested to both groups to pick up a smooth object, wet marbles and dry marbles, and they found out that the group that had wrinkly fingers picked up their wet marbles 12% faster, but the dry marbles around the same time.

Go swimming and have wrinkly fingers. 

Iraq

Most people think that Iraq is war, war, and oh wait, oh yeah, more war. You can still fly into Iraq and visit, it is recommended to stay in the largest cities because they are the safest.

In the history of Iraq, they were rich and were the center of science and mathematics for a time, but then the 20th century.

The Shamal nor the northwest wind, it sweeps through Iraq and it makes the worst dust and sandstorms in the Mediterranean.

Almost 100% of exports were oil (being the 3rd largest oil reserve on earth), it did make them rich (for a time).

The population of 41 million people.

And the Iraqi Dinar as their currency.

 The is Capital Bagdad, the second largest city after Cairo in Egypt.

Plaster / Bandaid

You know it you love it (or hate it) bandaids.

It is useful when you hit the ground or pavement and have a wound that needs covering, band-aids are useful.

The band-aid was made in 1920 by a Johnson and Johnson employee Earle Dickson, regularly his wife Josephine, burned and cut herself while cooking.

Using adhesives he was able to make a prototype. The prototype that Dickson made was used by his wife to put on the burns and cuts. 

Dickson gave the idea to his employer before he retired.

By 1924 Johnson and Johnson made Machine made band-aids, and sterilized band-aids by 1939, only in 1951 they added designs of popular brands, like Micky mouse, Marvel, and DC.

In WW2 millions of band-aids were requested and used, Johnson and Johnson said that they have oversold 100 million band-aids worldwide, (yeah they helped in WW2).

So when you have a wound or a cut or burn, it has been a vital piece of everyday use.

Minhaj al Muslim By Sh Tariq Appleby pt: 5

 Killing people is bad (that's a general consensus) and would definitely count as a sin but in self-defense or someone breaking into your house and you defend yourself and the result that is that the aggressor killed then it is not a sin.

It is a big sin to kill another believer.

Blood Money is what is money given by the family of the murderer as compensation for the murder to the victim's family (it is not the person back from the dead but it is compensation nonetheless).

Intentional Murder

Murder with the intention of killing, meaning you are killing that person with items such as weapons or with poisons, etc. It is all bad.

You cannot kill a pregnant mother you have to wait for the baby to be born and then when the baby is born, and then the mother will be killed.

If you want to kill someone or execute someone, you should not cause excessive pain to the victim of the execution, it should be quick and as painless as possible, as decapitation is the main form of killing as it is instantaneous.

We want to hurt that person but no intention is not murder

you are not sinful but it is recommended to give blood money.

Murder by Mistake

If you kill someone in a car accident, or you drop something on someone's head and kill them it is not your fault, or a knife gets loose and it hits a person and they die you are also not at fault as it was a mistake, or if you are hunting with guns and a person walks in front of a shotgun slug then it is not your fault either. (It is recommended to pay blood money though).

Retaliation

Retaliation is when you, yourself retaliate against the murderer.
First, you need to know that the murderer is of sound mind (meaning being sane), a child before puberty, and a sleeping person. Those are the types of people you cannot retaliate to. You also cannot kill your children.

If you want blood money, you cannot retaliate. You cannot kill anyone else in retaliation other than the murderer. 

Retribution

If you chop off someone's finger, then when you are caught your finger would be chopped off. if that was used, it would be very bad, even Saudi Arabia doesn't follow this specific law because it is too cruel. f you chop off someone's finger, then when you are caught your finger would be chopped off. if that was used, it would be very bad, even Saudi Arabia doesn't follow this specific law because it is too cruel. 

If the person who chopped off the finger then you must chop yours off, but if it difficult to replicate the problem says a concussion it is hard to replicate so you don't have to do that.         

Youth Talk Class: 5

 So the FIFA world cup is held in Qatar, and Muslims are using this as a way to convert people coming to see the world cup and Muslims are convincing them to convert to Islam.   

The History of Doors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door Source

You know what this is, how to use it, everybody knows it. Doors.

Doors such as house doors and gates (which are a type of door), use locks, as a way to deter people from entering or accessing the areas blocked by a said door. Pivoting off a metal hinge, the door in question could rotate up (such as the Tesla Cars from Tesla) or to the side. 

As doors were a major part of history, it was a greatly used piece of literature as it meant Methopraical meaning for change. And doors have a variety of aesthetic, symbolic, and ritualistic meanings. 

Now the history

The earliest telling of doors is that it was mentioned in Egyptian tombs, generally shown as double or singular doors.

As most of the ancient doors were made from timber wood. The Romans and the Greeks used different kinds of doors, singular doors, double doors, or even triple doors.

As we are coming to the modern era, we still have the "doors of old" meaning doors from centuries ago, and they are still used today and used in places of worship in Religious buildings and old structures built long ago.

As we are coming to the modern era, we now use automatic doors often.

If you walk through one, maybe as an entry to a long hall, but as a gateway to a multitude of possibilities, but hey, we all gotta walk through one eventually.

Plague doctors

 in 1656 the plague broke out and it was the most horrifying and lethal disease in human history.

It killed 10s million people and had at best was at best a 40% survival rate.

It started in the Asian and African countries and spread around the world and in western Europe in the 17th century that's when the "plague doctor" emerged.

As described it had a hood with crystal eyepiece (somewhat like glasses), and a beak with a strong combination of herbs and spices, it may have had pepper, cinnamon, turpentine, roast copper, and sometimes powdered viper flesh, the uniform used was somewhat like the modern-day hazmat suit, as it was designed to block miasma from entering the pores on the skin.

This concoction was inspired by the famous 2nd-century Greco-Roman physician Galen and was thought to ward off poisoned air, known as miasma, people believed the plague from originating from swamps, and sources of decay such as dead animals and plants. 

In earlier centuries Doctors around Europe used metal pomanders (which looked like Christmas ornaments filled with the above, and most guess that the beak from the doctor's mask was a hands-free alternative to holding the pomander.

People did not know that the culprit behind the plague was a tiny flea named Yersinia pestis.

The Doctors who wore the coat were protected from flea since the fleas cannot fit through the cloth.

In the 20th century, there were no treatments for the plague, but people did try some things, such as taking the blood of the patent and cupping, and a hot poker to pop the bubbles filled with pus.  

Well with all things, it (luckily) disappeared with enough time.

Iran

This is synonymous with Persia, but not all Iranians are Persians.

The capital is Tehran.

Strangely the world's hottest surface temperature ever recorded was 70.7c in the Lut desert in Iran, but also it is the best ski resort (yes ski resort) in the middle east.

Iran is the largest producer of turquoise (a gem) and Zinc.

Also, they also are the world's largest producers of Saffron Pistachio and stone fruits, they are also the largest producer of Caviar in the world and the second largest oil producer in the middle east. 

The population of 80 million people.

The Iranian Rial is their currency.

Persians are not all Arabs, but not all Persians are Iranians. 

In the Shade of the Qur'an by Dr Abd Aziz pt: 5

The adequate of entering the Prophet's house, only come if invented or if invited to eat food there.

• Dont' stay long (leave immediately after eating)

• Don't Come before the food is served (as to avoid the embarrassment for the Prophet having no food at the table.

Aloe Vera

Aloe vera is a plant that has antibacterial, antiviral, and antiseptic properties, used as far back as 1810 it is still a healthy remedy for many types of burns and wounds.

Aloe Vera possesses anti-inflammatory chemical compounds which reduce swelling called anthraquinone.

It can also be useful for stomach pains.

But it may not be all great, as it is important to remember that eating too much of it can cause diarrhea as it has laxative properties, and if you are already on prescription medicine it is always good to ask your doctor before consuming it if you have prescribed medicine as it could make your situation worse.

If used to treat burns and wounds, it can be beneficial for that usage it is good to keep a plant in case, because all you have to do to get the clear gel inside is to cut it with scissors, and the gel can be used to treat the burns and wounds.

Just use it sparingly.

Philippines

 https://youtu.be/LVFvRNRTEd4?list=PLR7XO54Pktt8_jNjAVaunw1EqqcEAdcow Source

The capital is Manila where half the population lives.

Around 7 thousand islands in the archipelago.

The islands are made of the 11 largest islands.

The world's largest Nickel producer.

110 million people, but they have 10 million people abroad spanning 100 countries.

Philipino peso as currency.

Pens

https://www.britannica.com/technology/pen-writing-implement Source

Pens are writing utensils dating back to the 1st millennium China, as early Egyptians used thick reeds for pens around 300 BCE

Bird feather quills were roughly used around the 7th century,  and used until the 19th century, when John Mitchel from Birmingham, England, brought the first steel pen (which is like the quill but made of steel), which is the precursor of the Fountain pen "a cool pen mind you", as the inconvenience of constantly dipping the pen into the ink the Fountain pen was created.

As it had a type of "reservoir" of ink the first one that was most practical was made in 1884 by the American inventor L.E. Waterman.

After the 19th century, the well-known ballpoint pen was made, Lázló Bíró the person behind it patented it around 1895, known as the "biro" and was popular in Britain around 1930, after a decade it became a popular pen used around the world.

How it worked was a metal ball that was coated in ink from the pen reservoir and the ball rotated around in a socket that fast drying ink on the ball that would touch paper and the ink would hit the paper causing it to write.

Soft-tipped pens came around the 1960s and used a synthetic polymer on the tip instead of a ball, and the ink sunk into the soft tip and was used in: brush pens and markers, etc.

So the history of the pens hopefully left its mark, on history.

Survival myths can will *probably get you killed

https://youtu.be/Gs26bZTRkdU (source)

Say you are stuck in a blizzard or in a desert and your car stalls, your phone is dead and you have no food in your car, well first you are screwed. Not really actually but most of the normal survival tips are not really tips.

Water

Normally you would want to get water, as it is necessary to live as a human, so how about all the ice or snow that is around you in a blizzard. Well, do you eat the snow as a watercourse, well no, don't do that, bad idea? Very bad idea. Snow can be safe to eat, but it is been on the ground for a long time, and it might be harmful to digest. The reason why it is bad to eat is that the snow needs to be melted, so you are using your own body heat to melt the snow, and putting it on your arm and chest does even worse because that will make you even colder, do just don't do that.

So if you are in the desert, well don't eat cactus juice, "Unlike Sokka from Avatar the last Airbender, you will not get high on eating cactus juice", If you drink cactus juice, it is mainly toxins, and or toxic chemicals, which could make you even more thirsty or making you feel worse. First cacti use a different type of photosynthesis named CAM, which uses way less water than other kinds of photosynthesis, so using less water in the desert is very useful, but if you eat them it will not give you lots of water in return. CAM photosynthesis, makes a side product named Oxalic acid, which binds to calcium and will mess up your body. It can also build up in your kidneys, which makes Calcium Oxalate,  which is what kidney stones are made of, "so my recommendation is don't do that". The flesh of the cactus is made of Alkaloids, which are harmful if you do eat the cactus, you will have diarrhea and vomit. Although fishhook barrel, and pink prickly pear, do have fewer toxins than most but do not taste that good, it is good if you need something to eat and are in a tough situation. 

Urine or blood

Don't drink this either even though it is fluids, it may not be healthy fluids.

The reason why you don't do this is that when you remove waste the waste is well, waste, and putting it back into your body is unhealthy, to say the least, if you add the waste back into your system it basically makes your kidneys work harder to clean it which in turn could cause systems like kidney failure.

What about blood, also no, you can drink blood, but only in small doses, because blood contains iron and too much iron can be toxic, and then your body will try to store the extra iron in your heart and liver, and that makes organ failure, so that's not good either unless you want to die, don't do that, that will be more harmful than helpful.

Moss

Moss does not work like a compass, and moss does not lead north, so you can't use it for navigation, moss likes wet surfaces because they lack the indoor plumbing that most plants have, and they have to rely on the moisture in the air, and on the object, they are on to get some water if a large patch of moss is on somewhere, it is most likely from just it being damp and wet, things that moss likes very much.

Alcohol 

Alcohol although it does feel like you are warm, alcohol makes you warm because it gets a rush of warmth to your face and cheeks, but it is the complete opposite of what you want.

Because alcohol opens your blood vessels near the surface of your face, and it can make you warm when it transports the blood near the surface all heat although it feels nice, for a while, the heat will soon dissipate which is bad.

If you are trying to retain your body heat, that would not be easy if all your warmth goes into the air.

Frostbite

If you have frostbite, don't rub the frostbitten parts, frostbite makes microscopic crystals in your skin tissues, and if you rub them you will effectively use the ice crystals to cut your skin tissue.

So don't do that, and don't rub it because it will hurt more, also if you try to thaw the frostbitten toes also have the danger of refreezing, if they do have the danger of refreezing then it could cause more crystals from forming, which is bad.

If you have you also have Hypothermia, meaning your body drops below 35 degrees, the thing that is important is that you must introduce warmth in a slow way, and not quickly, 

Snake Bites

Do not suck venom from a snake bite, it is not good, the effects vary from snake to snake some give tissue damage or internal bleeding, and some are neurotoxins.

If you do try this, as in sucking venom, it will increase the risk of getting the bite infected (which is worse), and to add to all the bad side effects it will not remove that much poison.

Instead, health experts recommend you keep the wound below the level of the heart, keep the victim warm, and get to the hospital as fast as possible.

If you do get to the hospital, they can administer Antivenom, different Anivenom works for different kinds of poison, so if you can try to remember the color or the defining features of the snake that the hospital can give the right treatment to the right poisons.

Jellyfish stings

Contrary to popular belief if you pee on a Jellyfish sting it will most likely make it worse, jellyfish tentacles have stinging cells called Cnidocytes which are like harpoons and those harpoons will have poison, and that poison can poke holes in cells (and that's bad), the trick is that you must get most of the Cnidocytes off your body without triggering others.

The myth is that if you pee it will neutralize the stinging, in practice it can trigger the Cnidocytes to go off, funnily enough, vinegar is a good way to help as that will neutralise the ones that have not gotten set off yet.

I would not recommend doing anything above. Tq.

The Salem Witch Trials

https://youtu.be/NVd8kuufBhM source 

The witch trials were held for people who were convicted of witchcraft, in Salem Massecutsets from February 1692 and May 1693.

if you confess and ask for forgiveness you may be able to walk free without getting publicly hanged.

They were the cause of paranoia and superstitions and a justice system that valued repentance over truth.

People feared starvation and disease, and to make things worse 1692 brought the coldest winters on record, that winter two cousins 9year old Better Parris and 11-year-old Abigail Wiliams, behaved strangely, a physician found nothing wrong, but diagnosed the girls and "under an evil hand".

Puritans  (people who were protestants) believed that the devil wreaked mayhem in the world by controlling humans, or witches. As the "symptoms" began to spread, 12 girls were found, 4 of them accused three local women of tormenting them, and on February 29th authorizes they arrested Sarah Good which was a Pregnant mother, Sarah Osbourne who was very absent from church, Tituba an enslaved woman In Betty Parri's home known only by her first name.

Tituba denied the accusations, but after a while, she confessed to practicing witchcraft by the "devil's orders", and said that Sarah good and Sarah Osbourne had forced her.

Osbourne died in prison, while Good was turned on in court by her own husband, saying that "she was a which ore would turn to be one very quickly". Good gave birth in jail, her baby died and she got hung shortly after, Tituba was held in custody, then released.

They made false confessions to save themselves from getting hung, one of the authorities told one of the 4 that "if you don't confess we will hang you, but if you do we can let you go."

The court accepted all types of evidence, as well as dubious evidence, (meaning that the accused would twitch and rave when "touched" by invisible ghosts).

Those who dared to speak out such as Jude Nathanial Saltonstall came under suspicion.

by the spring of 1893 over 100 people had been imprisoned, 14 women and 6 men hung after while accusations went outside of Salem, only after the Governor of Massachusetts colony's wife was accused, then he suspended the trials. Sentences were amended, prisoners released and arrests stopped. 

The reason is still unknown to this day, but what we do know is that adults accepted "evidence" from children as hard evidence. 

Peru

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0XCXGXGZMs&list=PLR7XO54Pktt8_jNjAVaunw1EqqcEAdcow&index=138

Known for Machu Pichu and Incans.

Capital Lima.

Peru was the center of the Incan Empire.

The 6th gold producer.

33 million people.

Peruvian Sol and their currency.

Also Known for Festivals.

Minhaj al Muslim By Sh Tariq Appleby pt: 4

It is not ok to swear by anything other than Allah.

Al- Ghumus is a person who intentionally swears a lie, such as lying to get a lower price at a market.

Do not make Oaths about small things, like "I will not go to the gym" (then you go the gym, so broke your oath), do not make oaths in anger "if you lose this i will do such and such".

Don't make Oaths like "if this happens then I will fast for one month", "don't do that, why make it harder for yourself".

  

Paraguay

 Known as the heart of South America, because it is in the center of South America.

Capital Nuestra Senora Santa Maria De La Asuncion (yes that is the name of the capital or known as Asuncion).

They use hydropower, meaning they are very clean in power.

The population of 7 million people.

Guarani as their currency.

Paupa new Guinea

 Papua New Guinea's capital is Port Moresby.

Papua New Guinea is the 3rd largest rainforest after the Amazon and the Congo.

Rich in minerals, iron, and copper.

Under 9milion people, and it is a very linguistic country with over 850 languages .

Kina as their currency.

Panama

 It is literally a bridge between Colombia and Costa Rica.

At it its narrowest point it is only 48 Kilometers or 30 miles wide.

The capital is Panama City.

The population of 4 million, and it is the least populated country in central America.

And the USD as their currency.

The swimming pool

The "Great Bath" at the site of Mohenjo-Daro in modern-day Pakistan was most likely the first swimming pool, used during the 3rd millennium BC. This pool is 12 by 7 meters, lined with bricks, and covered with a tar-based sealant.

The ancient Greeks and Romans made their pools for athletic training and were used by their militaries for training. It was noted that Roman emperors had pools in which fish was kept.

The first heated pool was made by Gaius Maecenas of Rome in the 1st century BC. He was a rich Roman lord and considered one of the first patrons of arts. 

The modern Olympic Games started in 1896 which included swimming races, after that the popularity of pools did increase.

Swimming pools became widespread in Britain in the mid-19th century. As early as 1837, six indoor pools with diving boards existed in London, England. The Maidstone Swimming Club in Maidstone Kent, is believed to be the oldest surviving swimming club in Britain, which is still around today.

In the USA there are over 10.4 million residential and 309,000 public swimming pools but surprisingly New Zealand holds the record for most pools per capita (pop.4,116,900), with 65,000 home swimming pools and 125,000 spa pools.

So why don't you take a dip in one.

In the Shade of the Qur'an by Dr Abd Aziz pt: 4

  The Prophet was sent as a deliverer of good news and a warner.

and a caller for Allaah and a beacon of light.

Give good news to the believers that they will get a great bounty from Allah.

Put your trust in Allah and do you yield to the disbelievers and the hypocrites

Toast (yes i am running out of ideas)

The word toast comes from the Latin torrere 'to burn'.

You know it, the great the wonderful. Toast.

Around the  1400s to 1600 another popular phrase associated with the word "toast" is the expression "to toast someone's health", which is typically done by one or more persons at a meeting by raising a glass in salute to the individual. This meaning is from the early meaning of "toast", which meant warm bread that was placed in a drink.

Either toasted on the pan, or in a toaster, melted cheese sandwiches are great.

Tea time, breakfast, lunch? dinner? doesn't matter, toast is great, eaten in the UK with baked beans, it is tasty food for everyone to eat.

Pulau

 The country has about 340 islands, but if you consider the small smaller rocks and islets, the capital is on the largest island Babeldaob where the capital Melekeok is and it is the least populated capital in the world at 400 people.

Shockingly they use the American USD as their currency.

Allen and Hex wrenches

Allan was similar to the other companies developing similar fasteners and Hex tools in the 1860s. The probable reason was the move to Hex fasteners and drivers is because it was safer for industrial workers and to pay royalties to the Hex companies, but after it was sold it became a success.

From their arrival to the market in 1910, the hex key (which is the thing that screws the Hex drivers in place), has not changed that much. It is a standard L shape and that's really it.

Every house has a screwdriver or hammer, but now you will see lots more Allen wrenches and keys that are used in almost everything from bikes to Ikea furniture.

Even after 100 years, the Hex wrench has not changed all that much, but it's ok since there is. Beauty in simplicity.

Disk Breaks

The disc brakes function pretty easily. You step on the brake pedal, and brake fluid is sent to a piston on the disc brake. The piston causes the calipers to squeeze the disc or rotor that spins the wheels. The pads inside the calipers create friction, which slows down your car.

Disc brakes were first used on race cars in 1951. In 1955, they started being addon to mass-produced cars. By the 1980s, most cars were using disc brakes, at least on the front wheels as their main braking system.

Brake booster. Today most vehicles have what’s called “power brakes.” Power brakes increase the force produced from your pressing on the pedal, which is applied to the rest of the braking system. That means you don’t have to press down on the brake pedal with too much effort to get your car to slow or stop. The brake booster is what makes power brakes, power brakes.

Youth Talk Class: 4

 Allah knows everything, meaning he knows everything that happens, he will everything happen will happen.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aptgedJIsmk

Even if everything is gone, Allah will remain.

https://youtu.be/AHf-WggTw5E

Static electricity

 How static electricity is made by an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an object? These charges can make the surface of an object have "static" electricity and will hold that charge until they find a way to be released or discharged. One way to discharge them is through an electrical circuit.

Although it is labeled as "electricity", it is not dangerous, even if is several thousand volts, because there's not enough of it to sustain a current, even elevated amounts of static electricity won't kill you. 

microfiber

Microfiber is made from very small fibers, invented in 1986 it is a polyester from petrol constructed with "Microfiber" and nylon, nylon in this case is very important, as it is the one that holds the piece of cloth from tearing apart. There is a fine line for adding nylon, add too much, and it could scratch the surface you are trying to clean, too little and it might be very fragile.

Microfiber has the remarkable ability to clean and dry surfaces incredibly quickly, and it is used in swimming towels and is useful for cleaning wet exteriors such as cars after a wash, and on computers and screens, eyeglasses, etc.

If dampened with water or a cleaning solution, as these are washable, they are reusable, unlike something like paper kitchen towels, but the more nylon you put, the less it picks up liquids, so take the one that best fits your needs.

Pakistan

 Pakistan basically translates to "Pure Land".

the capital Islamabad.

Also home to the second largest salt mine in the world, the Khewra salt mine.

Ranked 4th in cotton production, and 3rd in goat meat.

Pakistani rupee.

Terrorism is known here sadly.

Viking longships

The Vikings were from Scandinavia.

The Viking longship is from the humble canoe, the Vikings used these to travel along rivers for it was faster than moving on land.

Through forests and mountains, it was an "easy" ride to take rivers, the first of the canoes, was made with a tree log, with the insides hollowed out to make the inside of the small boat and used oars, overtime they added planks to the log boat, using the clinker or lapstrake method, instead of it being a log boat, it was a layered hull.

as the Roman empire expanded north, some Scandinavians joined the Roman armies and brought back to Scandinavia, roman maritime technology. 

As the Romans used Sails to move boats instead of rowing and had large warships that controlled the sea, and cargo ships that ferried goods along the waterways.

Now the "newer" Viking longships used anchored oars, basically locking the oars to 180 degrees of movement, making the boats more efficient, before working with the Romans, the Vikings used cloth and sewing to bind the wood pieces together, but after working with the Romans, they started to used iron nails instead. 

They removed the wood log origin for a keel wood plank. But the strength of the boat did not come from internal beams and planks but relied on the strength of the outer shell of the ship. The boat which was made with keel wood was faster than the Roman warships.

As sails were expensive, they did not use sails.

Then the Roman empire collapsed.

By the 8th century, the idea of a sailing ship was proposed, as it would be used for long-distance travel, they added sails to this new "sailing ship" and the speed that the boats traveled was the quickest in their fleet, and then the "Viking Longship" was created. 

The longships could carry 100 Vikings to battle, and the ships were used to travel along seas, and big rivers, if need be the ships were light enough (in weight), to carry over land. 

The bigger ones were used in large sea expeditions, and the smaller ones were used for fishing.

The Vikings sailed west and were able to travel to North America and they set up multiple settlements centuries before any European was able to reach.  

Oman

 The capital city of Muscat.

Most buildings are white or beige and traditional architecture is treasured here.

Known for frankincense and myrrh.

The population of 5million.

Omani rial as currency.

Also, the lingua Franka with Mozambique made Swahili.

Minhaj al Muslim By Sh Tariq Appleby pt: 3

The inheritors must be alive on the day of the death of the person who is leaving the inheritance. So if one of a woman's children dies and she has an unborn child in her womb, this unborn child has the right to inherit from its brother (who dies) if it is born alive. This is due to the fact that it was certainly alive( in the womb)  on the day of its brothers' death. If the woman conceived the baby after the death of its brother, the baby has no right to inherit from his brother who died, because he was not created(conceived) until after ( the brother's death)

The Felmale Inheritors:

1. The wife.

2. The female manumitter (who frees a slave).

3. The relatives: and they are of three categories. The parental woman: they are the mother and the grandmother on either the mother's or the father's side. The offspring and are the daughters, the son's daughter (granddaughter), and any descending female grandchildren (i.e, through the male),. The kin: and this is the and this is the female relative, who is only the sister.

Note: The maternal and perinatal aunts, the daughter's daughter (granddaughter)(, the daughter's son (grandson), the brother's daughter (niece), and the uncle's daughter (cousin) do not inherit at all.

Youth Talk Class: 3

 The prophet cures those who consume riba (interest) and those who pay it and curse the image-makers. This indicates that making images is forbidden. The scholars interpreted that as referring to images of animate being such as animals, people, and birds.

But drawing unanimated things is allowed.

But if it is an emergency say the identification of a criminal is needed, then It is o

The watch

 The watch was created in the 17th century from spring-powered clocks, last time it was driven by clockwork and powered by a mainspring, these were called mechanical watches. 

In the 1960s the quartz watch was invented which was powered by a battery and it used a quartz crystal to keep time, then by the 1980s these watches overtook the market.

Now by the 2010s smartwatches became a thing which are computers built into the watch, now they can give heart rate, GPS, alarms, and much more.

Expensive watches are sought after because of the craftsmanship to make elaborate watches.

Now, most watches are mainly smartwatches.

Drop the penny

 If you drop a penny from a very high place say, the Burj Kalifa from Dubai, would it hurt someone walking below, yes, no, kinda?

Well, there is something called terminal velocity, it is basically a speed-cap, like for to stop something from exceeding a certain speed, since the penny falls then it displaces air, like pushing your hand out the car window while it is moving forward, you will feel a wind blowing your hand back, right? same thing here.

The wind or terminal velocity, is stopping the penny from getting too fast, although it will act like a bullet, it will still hurt but not like being shot.

Norway

 There are town called hell, very interesting. 

Located in Scandinavia and has the capital Oslo.

They really just make a literal hotel out of ice here.

Norway is very much known for its Fjords since there are about 1.7k named fjords.

They export more than they import, with is very impressive, and are the highest exporter of salmon.

98% of the energy comes from hydroelectric power.

They have more winter Olympics gold medals than any other country.

A population of 5.4m people.

the Norwegian krone as currency.

Also, metal music is known here.

Microchips

The first microchip was created by Jack Kilby in 1958, he did not realize that his making his first integrated circuit would change history and start the extraordinary journey of modern technology.

Thanks to his invention Kilby won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.

The microchips are now used everywhere Jack wanted to auction the his first microchip, and the chip could have sold for $1 million or $ 2million; however, the highest bid did not even reach $850,000. 

Now it is in the Smithsonian and the Chicago Museum of Technology, and can be marveled at by all technology enthusiasts.

Nicaragua

Capital Managua.

For some weird reason they don't have postal codes, so if you want to send something you must say landmarks, and sometimes they don't even exist anymore, so they might need to say "the statute that is on the left of the green building, on the other side, and behind the pot with the duck statue", "you get the idea, well it is not that extreme but you get the idea."

Sadly  Nicaragua is ranked as the second of the poorest countries in the western hemisphere.

With a population of 6.2 million people.

Pencils

As you well know, pencils are very a common writing utensil used everywhere to write on paper.

Pencils started with Camel's hair, "yes Camel hair", to make a brush before pencils were made.

Now scribes in ancient Egypt were using a type of pencil called lead point or silver point.

The value of graphite would soon be realized to be huge, mainly because of the use of graphite for pencils. but most of the graphite for pencils had to be smuggled or stolen from the graphite mines.

Around 1560s, an Italian couple named Simon and Lyndiana Bernacotti produced what are probably the first blueprints for the current, wood-encased carpentry pencil.

The first endeavor to manufacture graphite rods from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1662. It used a combination of graphite, antimony, and sulfur.  

the American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the American Revolution.

On March 30, 1858, Hymen Lipman acquired the first patent for connecting an eraser to the end of a pencil.

After all of that, we have normal color pencils, charcoal pencils, liquid, watercolor, and many other pencils, for current usage.

Then after that then the mechanical pencils were first created.

And after all of that, the rest is from then to now.