Grammar ep 1: The Noun

 A noun is basically anything: a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.

A Plural Noun plural is multiple, In most words, you can just add an "s", and if you want to say multiple dogs you can say "dogs".

Irregular plurals are leaf, child, fungus, mouse, and sheep. You cannot add "s" to them. There are other ways to say these words in a plural sense.
such as Leaf becoming Leaves. The child becomes Children. Fungus becomes Fungi,. Mouse goes to mice. Sheep just says sheep.

If you want one elephant just do two elephants.

A proper noun is something with a name, and a common noun is a more general term. Such as the place you are from, I am from a city. A proper noun is the name of the city, say Aukland (Aukland is a proper noun).

Biology pt 2: Multicellular organisms

 Specialized cells such as neurons, which the human brain has up to 90 billion neurons. 

Madagascar

 Madagascar has more things than lemurs.

Capital Antananarivo or known as Tana. 

They have 3k kilometers of coast.

They are known for pirates, they even have a pirate graveyard.

Lemurs have 100 different species.

And Baobabs.

And the world's highest producer of vanilla, about 60-75% of the world's supply of vanilla is grown here.

France colonized here, so french is the national language.

29.92 population.

The currency is the Malagasy Ariary.

Physics pt 1:

 Physics is one of the ways that we make sense of the world, using physics, math, biology, and history, we can use it to understand the world around us.

We know a lot about the world using physics, but we still have more to learn. 

Biology pt 1: Cells

 Cells are the building blocks of life.

Proteins are structures that can cause chemical reactions and can build and repair cells, the chemicals in the protein determine the actions that it is meant to do. 

Some cells specialize in specific things to help, like red blood cells that carry blood.

Cells work together to help each other, such as tissues of cells. And special cells carry out specific functions.

Science of smoking

Cigarettes have a chemical called Nicotine, which when in inhaled causes a rush of dopamine to the brain, and makes you feel good, but not without its downsides, after the dope meme hits, then it releases depletes, which causes the smoker to crave another cigarette, and each time they have to take more such as they have to take one for the first time smoking, and then three for the next, then 7, then so on and so forth until one pack and then... And that's why they are addicting, the- end.

Ok not really. 
Smokers often smoke at special times during the day, like someone takes a calming cup of tea or when you feel a certain way, a cigarette could be something to relax.

Smoking can also be a social part of someone's life, as often smokers have groups that smoke together on a weekly or daily basis. 

Smoking is one of the most common deaths in the US, thanks to the weakened lungs from nicotine.

80% of smokers said that they had an easier time stopping smoking with help from family and friends convincing them to stop smoking. you can also help people addicted to smoking by getting healthcare providers to help with the person's addiction.

Luxembourg

 This country is tiny as you can travel in about 50 minutes. Only 57 kilometers wide, and 82 kilometers long, making it 2500 square kilometers.

The capital is Luxembourg, 

As they are a European country, expect lots of castles.

They only have 61 days of sunlight.

The population of 640,000.

They have an army of 800.

History of the Death Penalty

In the tenth century A.D., hanging became the main form of execution in Britain. Still, in the feeling century, William the Conqueror would not like that to be a form of execution and only wanted it to be used for only during war.

The Death Penalty in America and the UK influenced the US to use the death penalty as a punishment. Captain George Kendall was the first recorded execution in the new colonies in the Jamestown Virginia colony in 1608. George was executed for being a spy for Spain.

Strange things we have done to fruit flies

The reason why we use fruit flies is that it is easier to keep, and it is easier to study instead of using monkeys, fruit flies only have 4 pairs of chromosomes and they are also pretty similar to us, they also can get genes like cancer. 

It all started when Thomas Hunt Morgan a biologist in the 1900s, this time in history people did not know how genes pass down to generations so Morgan wanted to find out how.

During Morgan's research, he found a male fruit fly with white eyes instead of the usual red eyes, and this was only passed on to the male fruit flies and not the females. 
He found out that the generic factor that determined eye color was the same one that determined gender. And Morgan was able to get a Noble prize for his findings.

One of Morgen's students named Herman muller also used fruit files and found that X-rays and other ionizing radiations can cause genetic mutations by breaking apart chromosomes, and that can cause genes to mutate, get deleted, and multiply. And that could be passed on to the offspring.

Scientists found how an embryo works, and what an embryo can do, this research was named "Notch", and with "Notch" they found out what cells are too to transition other types of cells during "Differentiation".

Notch also keeps intact cell multiplication, cell survival, and equilibrium, meaning that any mutations and abnormal signaling can cause developmental problems and cancers.

And the use of these fruit flies is far from over, they are being used to study wound healing, the effects of pharmaceuticals, how the brain works, and cancer as a whole, teaching us about how tumors spread, and how certain cancer cells resist medication.

And they also have to sleep, so we study them for sleep too, to find out why we have to sleep.

Also, they are used in space travel, so we use them to test how space travel affects the human body.

And how microgravity works, and we know how the heart gets weaker as the heart doesn't have to fight gravity. 

History of the Cardigan

In the 1800s, James Brrudenell the 7th Earl of Cardigan, a British Army major general in the Crimean War, led the charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. 
The cardigan was named after the Earl because of the knitted wool waistcoats that British officers supposedly wore during the war.

It was said that they won the war purely by the popularity of the Cardigan, made originally of wool, and usually had buttons to wear or other fastening pieces in the front.

Used by fishermen on the french and British shores, and proved a valuable asset to keep out the cold from the sea's harsh and freezing cold winds.

The usage of Cardigan was that it was used in Suit jackets, and used as a less formal form of the waistcoat. It is the most popular during the cold weather as it is a warm and thick piece of clothing.

It originally came from a knit sleeveless vest, but it became more popular after the 1920s and to the 2010s to now. And they are comfortable pieces of clothing to this day. 

Lithuania

 It is in the baltic, and the debated have the geographical center of Europe.

They did have one of the highest Jew populations and were a big part of the Holocaust.

They have the highest stork population.

They have the highest baltic amber and the most deposits in the world.

2.8 million in population.

Euro as their currency.

Latvia and Lithuania are the only two baltic countries in the world.

Top three in suicide rates.

It is considered bad luck to whistle in a house since they belive that it will catch on fire and burn.

Minhaj al Muslim By Sh Tariq Appleby pt: 7

 Allah is infinite in forgiveness, and he knows everything about you and what you would do.

There is a difference between Greater sins and Lesser sins, you can use good deeds like praying can wipe away most lesser sins.

 You wipe away the greatest sins by doing Taubaht.

 Ayatul Kursi is the best Surah in the Quran. Because Ayatul Kursi says that it is only about Allah and nothing else, it is all all about his greatness, and about his blessings.

To believe in Allah is the best deed,  it is the best thing in Islam.

Jihad is the second, to fight for the sake of Allah.

Haji is the third and to not show off to others that you went to Haji. and do not boast but purely for Allah.

Islam is built on five pillars:

Testifying that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah.

And that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

Praying five times a day.

paying Zakat.

doing Haji.

And Fasting in Ramadhan.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

History of the Duvet

The Duvet usually called the comforter or a quilt in US English, it is a type of bedding used with feathers, wool, cotton, and sometimes even silk, or a synthetic alternative.

It is usually fitted by a removable cover, like a pillow and its pillowcase, it term "Duvet" is mainly used by the Britsh, the best feathers are taken from the "Eider duck", which its feathers insulate the most heat.

The word Duvet was from the French meaning "down".

The earliest mention of the Duvet is from China in 3000 B.C. From the Viking times duvets from the eider duck were made by people in Norway, then in the 15th century "featherbeds" (mattresses), were used by the Rich monarchs of continental Europe, but during the 16th century most rich and wealthy people from Europe used feather duvets.

In the mid of the 18th century Thomas Nugent, an Englishman on a grand tour of Europe and noted that they did not sleep in padded clothing for comfort before bed but instead put the padded clothing on the bed. 

It was not until the 1960s that they were more widespread.

Youth Talk Class: 11

If Allah does not let it happen then it will not happen.

The entire universe belongs to Allah, Allah is the owner of everything, as he created everything.

Allah can destroy anything he wants, earth quake buildings are safe, but if Allah wills it, he can destroy the "earthquake" proof building.       

Liechtenstein

 It is the 6th smallest country, considered a microstate. It is only 24.5 kilometers long, and 9.4 kilometers wide.

The capital Vaduz with only 5200 people living here.

They have lots of castles.

Liechtenstein is in the Rhine valley.

They export power tools and textiles since they can't export anything else for their small size, they also make lots of fake teeth.

There are more registered companies and jobs in Liechtenstein, than people living in Liechtenstein, which is why most of the workforce has to come to Liechtenstein from Austria and Switzerland.

Liechtenstein was part of the holy Roman empire.

The population of 38k people.

Swiss franc as their currency.

They speak Deutsch.

There is a legend that Liechtenstein joined the Astro-Prussian war, but they came back with negative casualties, as the army of 80 soldiers returned to the country with a friend, and after that, the military disbanded.

It is a monarchy and they are one of the wealthiest royals in Europe with a net worth of about 7.5 Billion, they are very friendly and down to earth as they often visit cafes and talk with local citizens.

Also there is hardly any crime as most people with a sentence of over 2 years are sent to Austria, and it is said that people don't lock their front doors.

The Science of Beekeeping

Beekeeping known as Apiology is the oldest honey that dates back to the 35th century BC.

Beekeeping has been around for centuries and the earliest forms are in Greek myths and legends.
Beekeeping is a form of agriculture and it serves as a source of food medicine and other comedies such as candles. In Ancient Greece, beekeeping was thought of as an "agricultural art", and Aristotle who is a famous greek philosopher, he wrote lots about bees in his book Historia Animalium.

Beekeeping is an art that this pass down to generations of beekeeping families, Sir Edmund Hillary, drove a tractor across Antarrcicaa and was the first man to climb mount Everest is an experienced beekeeper. 

Beekeeping and honey farming is far from just being a hobby and a career, it is an important part of the global economy and is vital to the agricultural industry.

Honey, beeswax, and venom have all been used by medical professionals for decades or even centuries.  

Honey is now commonly found on cough drops to treat sore throats.

Beeswax is a common ingredient in pills and creams. And bee venom is used to treat Arthritis and pain to relieve to it due to its anti-inflammatory properties. 

Libya

 Arabs that speak Italian yeah that Libya, and had a king that tried to crown himself king of Africa, and was afraid of elevators.

Tripoli is their capital.

Also, they have lots of Ruins in Lybia.

There is no transport kinda, so you can fly around the country or take a long road trip if people are traveling south they normally take in extra Jerry cans since they have to travel through the desert, and they also have roads going through the desert.

Lybia holds the 9th largest crude oil reserves in the world, the largest in Africa, and makes 97% of the exports.

6.5 million population.

Lybian Dinar as their currency.

The histroy of Icecream

 It was named "Cream Ice" in the 17th century and commonly appeared at the table of Charles I.

France was introduced to a frozen desert somewhat like "Cream ice" by the Italian Catherine de Medici who 1553 that she became Charles I's wife. It was not until 1660 that ice cream was made for the general public.

Over aaa thousand years later the famous adventurer named Marco Polo returned to Italy from the Far East with a recipe closely resembling the likes of what we call not Sherbet

The first official announcement for ice cream in the US is from a letter written in 1744 by the guest of Maryland governor Wiliam Bladen. It first appeared in the "New York Gazette", on May 12 of 1777, then Phillip Lenzi announced that it would be available "almost every day". 

President George Washington spent almost $200 USD on ice cream alone, during the summer of 1790. 

Until 1800, ice cream remained a rare dessert eaten by mostly the elite and wealthy. After 1800 insulated ice houses were invented and ice cream became an industry in America, made by the Baltimore milk dealer in 1851 named Jacob Fussel. 

Ice cream production skyrocketed after technological advances, including steam power, mechanical refrigeration, the homogenizer, and electric power and motors.
And today's total frozen daily production in the US is more than 6.4 billion pounds annually.

During WW2, the military tried to outdo the others by serving Icecream to their troops. And in 1945 the first "floating ice cream parlor" was built for the sailors in the western Pacific ocean. When WW2 ended the dairy rationing law was lifted and the Americans ate 20 quarts of ice cream per person when they celebrated the end of the war in 1946.

Sadly Ice cream parlors and traditionally made ice cream is starting to disappear, as more supermarket ice cream and store-bought ice cream are more accessible and most of the time cheaper. 

Youth Talk Class: 10

The Earthquake in Turkey is a terrible thing, as 25,000 Muslims (maybe a few non-Muslims) had their lives taken from them.

Do not celebrate deaths, non-muslims, or Muslims. Even if they are not following Allah, do not say "Yay they are dead, less corruption in this world :DDDD". Don't do that.
"Whoever meets the need of his brother,  Allah will meet his needs" - Bukhari and Muslim. 

When there are earthquakes, strong winds (tornados), and similar natural disasters, we make Dua to Allah for forgiveness and to seek refuge in Allah to keep us safe. Allah sends natural disasters as a reminder to turn to him for the utmost safety.
Allah sends signs not to warn, but to be afraid of Him.

If you need help with food, money, or help with anything, Allah will provide that help,

Allah tests those with Calamites (The Turkey earthquake) and tests the Muslims and the non-muslims. There is always a benefit to the calamities and the tests sent by Allah. All you have to do is stay strong and keep going until that dark period of the test goes away.

Tests of hunger, thirst, and loss of money, are tests that Allah gives to people to test their faith in Islam.

A Martyr is five: A person who dies of a severe Stmough illness. Who died of the plague, The one who drowns not by himself but by the sea while on a boat, one who is crushed (by earthquakes), and the one that fights in the path of Allah. But there is no guarantee that it is a 100% chance they to go to Jannah, but is a significant amount to go to Jannah.

One of the signs of end times is the increase in earthquakes which is happening. 

The science of Electricity

 Electricity is the movement between atoms the particle needs an electron, which carries an electrical charge. Electrons have either a positive or negative charge.

Lighting is a form of electricity, lighting is electrons moving from the cloud to the ground.

Static electricity is normally when you rub a carpet and get a small shock, or if you rub a balloon against a pair of jeans, and put it to your hair it makes the hair stand up on itself, that is called static electricity. 

Electrons give electricity by being shofit out of orbit from the center of its nucleus and if they get pushed out of orbit, they make electricity.

What a shocking learning experience.

Liberia

 They used to have ebola but don't no more. In 2014 the outbreak of ebola happened and in months of containing and quarantining the whole country it kinda just stopped infecting people, and is of the top 20 countries in the world for its GTP.

The capital is Monrovia which is named after US President James Monroe.

Liberia was named the Pepper coast by the Portuguese since they found the Malagueta peppers that grew there.

It rains a lot here. 

The population of 4.6 million people.

You can use the Librarian Dollar but they do accept USD. 

They also are one of the only 3 countries in the world that use the Imperial system of measurement (like the US and Myanmar.

Liberia was made by free slaves from the US.

They had two civil wars.

The History of the Bell

 The bell is titled as a "percussion instrument" such you strike the bell to make a sound, bells normally have a clapper or a hammer on a pivot in the center of the bell to make the sound.
When you hit the bell the bell hits the center or the "clapper", which makes the sound resonate.

Bells are made normally of Bell metal which is a kind of bronze, cowbells, church bells, and clock bells, usually use this Bell metal to make their bells.

The word Bell comes from the German word Bel meaning "to roar" or "to make loud sounds". 

The earliest mention of bells in history is from the 3rd millennium BC, it is from the Yangshao culture of the Neolithic era in China. 
It was named the "Clapper bell", which was made of pottery and was found in several archeological sites, the first bells in west Asia were in 1000 BC. 

The earliest metal bells were from the Taosi site and the Eritou archeology site. With more bells from the Shang dynasty.p TI was found for parts of gear for horse-and chariot gear as well as a collar bell made for dogs.

By the 13th century, bells were being cast that weight over 150kg, After 1000 AD. People used bells cast from metal instead of bronze for their bells, the earliest dated bell was manufactured in 1079 in the Hubei province in China.

Bells are part of religious celebrations and traditions.

History of the Karambit

The Karambit, which is Indonesian is a curved knife from the Minagbakau people of West Sumatra, and it is one of the weapons used in Pencak silat and Filipino martial arts.

It was first for peace as it came from an agricultural place for cutting plant roots, it was a smaller version of the Southeast Asian Sickle.

It was inspired by the claws of a tiger, and it became weaponized by the Minagbakau people of West Sumatra, and along with it being used as a weapon, they added it to be move curved to maximize the cutting power of the weapon.

The two grips are the Hammer grip which the blade is up and the pinky finger in the hole at the foot of the blade, and the traditional way which is the blade facing down, and the index finger in the hole at the foot of the blade.

More modern forms of the Karabint have it being made from expensive materials and being titield as one of the type of blade named a "folding blade".

Lesotho

Lesotho's capital is Maseru.

They have the world's second (after Lukla in Nepal), most dangerous airport, where the runway falls off a cliff.

Lesotho is mainly mountainous and they have snow,  so they have Afriski, which is a ski resort in South Africa.
Temperatures can go from -7 to -18 here.

Lesotho was ranked the world's least carbon-emitting country.

Also, they are known for Diamonds, and they found the world's most expensive diamond going for about 40 million USD, and is the size of two golf balls.

A population of 2.5 million people.

The currency is the Lesotho Loti.

how a defibrillator works

Defibrillators work by sending an electric pulse or a shock to restore the natural heartbeat, they are commonly used for arrhythmia, and defibrillators are used for slowing down the heart rate, or a quickened heart rate.

AEDs:

Different types of defibrillators like AEDs (which are battery operated and check the heart's rhythm and send a shock to the heart to restore the normal heart rhythm) are automatic and are used for people experiencing cardiac arrest. 

They use stick pads with sensors that are attached to the chest of someone who is having a cardiac arrest, and the electrodes in the sensors check the heart rate, and a small computer in the AED checks the heart rate and administers the correct volts necessary to get the heart back to its normal heart rate.

ICDs: 

ICDs are used in surgery using the chest or stomach area, which checks for arrhythmias. Arrhythmias can interrupt the flow of blood from the heart and if it gets bad it can fully stop your heart, the ICD sends a low-powered shock, and if the low-powered shock does not work, it will send a higher-powered shock.  

The ICD can record the heart's electrical activity and heart rhythms so that it can help the healthcare provider fine-tune the programming of the device so that it gives the correct amount of electricity.

WCDs:

WDCs have sensors that attach to the skin, and they are connected by wires, that check your heart's rhythm and deliver the shock when needed, the WCD and the ICD both can do low and high-powered energy shocks, the WCD detects when you have an arrhythmia, and will send aa shock to correct the rhythm, this will take bout a minute, this device can give multiple shocks during an arrhythmia. After each  arrhythmia episode, you must replace the sensors.

Lebanon

 The capital is Beirut.

The Cedar forests are one of the most important things in this country, and they even have a Cedar on their flag. They are the most sought-after trees.

Also, there is an underground electronic market which is very expensive, and constant electricity is hard to get here as you need generators to get consistent electricity.

The population of 6 million people.

1.1 -2 million refugees live here since from Syria.

And currency Lebanese Pound.