Apoptosis

The word Apoptosis comes from Greek: Apo meaning "Away" and Ptosis meaning "Falling".

Literally meaning "Falling Away", which is a type of cell death.
Apoptosis is one of the ways cells die.

One way is Necrosis, a type of death where the cell will swell and explode. This isn't an ideal cell death as when it "explodes" it can damage other cells around it and can cause cells from the immune system that cause inflammation as the immune system cells might believe that those parts from the cell that recently died from necrosis are invading the body and attacking it.
The human body tries its best to avoid necrosis as it usually happens when the body is exposed to a chemical toxin and it causes the cell to die unnaturally.

The other way which is Apoptosis which is the less extreme way of cells dying, for example when your hands are forming in your mothers womb, your hand starts out in a sort of paddle, and Apoptosis widdles it down your fingers  

Physics pt. 10: Waves

If you would take a rope and tie it to a pole jutting out of the ground.
Grab the other end and move it up and down, you will notice it waves up and down performing a waving motion, a wave is a disturbance, which can probate.

A mechanical wave is a type of wave that travels through a medium in this case it is the rope, and something to keep in mind is that waves transfer energy but not transfer matter.

Now what does that mean?.
It means that the moving of the rope is moving the rope as it is transferring energy. While it's not moving the ropes position as it is still attached to the pole. 
As the kinetic energy of your hand moves the rope causes it to move.

The period in a wave is measured in seconds and tells us how long each wave cycle takes to complete. 
Next is the wavelength, which as the name suggests the difference in distance between adjacent waves.

To calculate this, you would do an equation that looks like this: Frequency = Cycles/s = hz. 
Or the frequency is wave cycles divided by seconds. To get speed you would calculate distance * time. 

Different types of waves move at different speeds. For example, lightning is a form of wave that has two "Waves", the 1st wave uses the bright flash of lightning, and the second wave is the thunder that accompanies the lightning. Both are waves.
The reason why you see the bright light faster is because it is an electromagnetic wave, which is light, which travels faster than sound.
Electromagnetic waves are special as they don't need a medium to travel fast, that's why you see lighting before thunder. As different waves move at different speeds. 

When you speak, you use soundwaves to push the particles in the air around your "soundwave" and people around you can hear you.

When you look a wave, you will see, well a wave.
But there are names to the parts of one, the tips or the elevated areas are named "Crests", while the drooping parts are named "Troughs", and the distance between the resting line of a wave is named "Amplitudes", and the distance between waves are named "Wave-lengths".

A wave's "Frequency" can be measured by how many crests appear at a certain time, say 25 crests in 5 seconds, meaning that every second there is 5 crests every 1 second.

Human fertilization and early development

 When sperm wants to go to the egg, it is actually one of several 100,000,000,000 sperm cells that had a race to see who would get to the female egg first, as when you are born these many sperms would race to see who would be the one that combination of DNA from your father.

A sperm cell is a gamete from your father, and an egg cell is a gamete from your mother.
Each gamete has 23 chromosomes, not chromosome pairs, but chromosomes.
Once the egg is fertilized, the 23 chromosomes form the 46 chromosomes or 23 paired chromasomes.

A Zygote is a fertilised egg, which has 46 chromosomes is made out of two cells or nuclei, but these aren't fully fused yet so they are named pronuclei, which is where most of the genetic makeup of your father and your mother is given to construct you.

Once this happens the cells start dividing, splitting into 2, then 4, and you get a cell division every couple of days. Until you have 16 cells named morula which after 5-9 days, the morula keeps splitting and now has around 200-300 cells, which is now named a Blastocyst.

Doctors and scientists use a table which plots the average childbirth process. But they always start on week 2, why week 2?.
It is because of a gestational age. Which starts when the mother has her last menstrual cycle. Note that this could be 2 weeks before the day of conception of the embryo.

At week 2, starting the embryo stage, which starts the human embryo at the size of a blueberry.
Appearing 7 weeks after the conception of the embryo. Most would call this a fetus. Being around 5cm in size, the boundary between embryo and fetus is not really well defined, but most if not all believe that after the 12th week, it is a fetus.

Around the 42nd to the 46th week or the 9th month is when the baby is ready to be extracted by the mother. 

But the 27th to the 30th week or 7th month has a viable survival chance if the baby were to come out of the womb, it would survive, but most wait for the 42nd week.

By the 5th month or the 23rd to 26th week, if the baby were to come out it would have a fifty per cent survival chance.

 

Malay: pt 10 Speaking to a store clerk

 For speaking to people using Encik or cik (pronounced: en-cheek, and cheek. You should cut off the word cheek and cut the word short) 
Meaning "Mr"" or "Ms", for addressing strangers.

Mozambique

 On the east coast of Southern Africa, and bordered by 6 other countries, those being: Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Eswatini, and their coast is the Indian Sea.

And nearby Comoros and Madagascar.

Divided into 10 provinces and their capital Maputo in the south of the country, and Maputo has the largest and only international airport, Maputo International, after Maputo the other two largest cities are Nampula and Beira along the coast.

But most of the seaports are in Maputo, Beira and Nacala.

Mozambique has three archipelagos. The: Qurimbas were in the north, Primeras in the south and Bazaruto a little more south than Primeras.

But they also own an Island, the Island of Mozambique which was first inhabited by the Swahilis, then a sultan which is where they got their name from the sultan being named Mussa Bin Bique.

Then the Portuguese came and made a naval base out of, strangely coral, the chapel of Nossa Senhora De Beluarte, which is confirmed to be the oldest European build structure in the southern hemisphere. 

Some interesting places to visit include:
The Heros Square, the Benguera Lodge, the historical Imhambane buildings, the abandoned Beira hotel, and the statue of Samora Machel in Maputo, the Lion house which lions apparently like going there.
Many beaches like Tofo beach and Ponta do Ouro.

Mozambique lies where the African plate meets the Somali plate, where the East African rift starts and ends.

Mozambique is generally flat with the highest peak, Mount Binga shared with Zimbabwe, then the largest lake is Malawi, shared with no shocker, Malawi.
But the Cahora Bassa reservoir is the largest inland lake and it is the 4th largest man-made lake in Africa created by the Cahora Bassa dam, which powers about 80% of the country on the Zambezi river.

 

Physics pt. 9: Energy

 Kinetic energy is a type of energy that relies on mass and speed, to exist.

So let's say you roll on the ground a lightweight ball and a heavy ball, with the same force, the heavier one will roll faster since it has more mass. 

But if you roll the lighter ball with more force than the heavier one, the lighter one will move faster. 

The equation that we use is Ke = M* V^2
Ke means kinetic energy or kinetic energy is equal to Mass times Velocity squared.

Potential energy is energy that is stored in an object. And it has the potential to output that energy to say, Kinetic energy.

First is Gravitational Potential energy.
Let's take the earth for an example, lets put a yellow ball 50 feet in the sky, and another red ball 100 feet into the sky.
Which ball do you think will fall the fastest, well its the red ball because the red ball is further away and has more GPE or Gravitational Potential Energy 

The second is Elastic  Potential energy.
Let's use a rubber band as an example, if we pull on it, and when we let go, it will spring back to its normal position, but wait, why did it snap quickly and not slowly go back into shape, well Elastic Potential Energy. Another good example is a spring as when you compress a spring, it will try to "spring" back and cause the Elastic Potential energy, to happen.

Third is Electric Potential energy.
Which is an object that is electrically charged due to another charged object, which means that a positive charge and a negative charge is next to each other they attract. While two positive or two negative charges repel.

Forth and last one is Magnetic potential energy.
Magnetic potential energy is a type of energy that comes from the magnetic force of magnets, not only the position of the magnets matter (how near and how far they are). But also the orientation of the magnets affects the potential energy.

All these are potential energy. Potential energy, in summary, is an object's orientation, position, and the material it is made of. It is compared mainly using mass, size and shape.

Energy cannot just "disappear" as part of The Law of Conservation of Mass, "Matter is not created nor destroyed", so if one object loses its energy, another object but inherit that lost energy.

Energy can change forms, for example, if you were to use a blow dryer, it turns electrical energy into heat or thermal energy.
Or when a car speeds up too fast, the kinetic energy while driving is turned into thermal energy.
And when you hit the breaks on a bike, the breaks cause the wheels to stop and cause the tyres to produce heat because of kinetic energy and friction.

Quranic stories pt.17 by Sh Tariq Appleby

 Even if a deed is small and insignificant, it matters to Allah. As Allah knows all that is seen and unseen.

Allah will test you and will put you through turmoil. And he will show you many unenjoyable things. 

When you are seeking knowledge, do not take shortcuts. If you are really interested in seeking knowledge, then you take your notes, you look at them. Revise the notes.