Osmosis

Diffusion is when particles go from a place of high concentration to a low concentration, Osmosis is similar to diffusion but mainly for water.

Water concentration is the amount of other molecules most commonly sugars and salts, and how much is dissolved in the water. 
These molecules that dissolve in the water are named solutes, so if we take two beakers and fill both with water and then put one solute in the left beaker, and put 3 in the right beaker we would have a higher amount of solute concentration.

What matters is the amount of solute that is in the beaker, because that's what dictates the water concentration.
 

Metal and Non-Metals

Most of the elements on the periodic table are metals, these metal elements form positive ions when reacting, while most non-metals don't form anything.

To our knowledge, all atoms want a full outer shell to be stable. If an element is found on the left, the number of electrons on its outmost shell is less than on the right side of the shell.   

Metals become more reactive the lower you go on the periodic table because the further you go down, the more shells an element has. For example, Lead or Pb has six shells.
And since the positively charged nucleus is what keeps the electrons in their place, and the lead atom's electrons are far away from the nucleus, the lead atom can lose the electrons easily, this feature is what makes the bottom-most atoms more reactive than the ones at the top. 

Metals are metallic bonding, which is special as their bonds are special to their element, and are very strong compared to other types of bonds, things that metals can do are as follows:

Copper has high melting points, is malleable can be bent or hammered into shape, and is a great conductor of heat and electricity. That's why we use copper in wires so often.
Another thing that metals can do is be sonorous which is the ability to make loud sounds when struck, this is why we use them in gongs, and commonly shiny metals are often used in jewellery.

Compared to non-metals which are very dull in colour and are often terrible at conducting electricity like wood, have low melting points and are brittle, but they have lower densities compared to metals making them lighter in weight.

Transistion metals are found the center of the periodic table, they.

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Ciruits

 Most circuits are made out of components, and circuits are made in closed loops. 

The most common way a circuit is powered is by a cell, connected via a wire, one of the most common components in circuits are filament lamps, which are connected via the wire, and glow when connected to the cell or battery.

We can also connect a switch to the wire so that we can stop the flow of electricity from reaching the bulb. 

Sometimes you would write I electricity, when measuring electricity flowing through a wire they are named amps, or amperes are written with the letter A.

Potential Difference is the force driving the electricity around the wire which is supplied by the battery or cell, like what pumps the electricity through the wires.

Then, there Voltage, which is measured in Volts or V, which is electricity which is supplied by the cell or battery.

Lastly, there is resistance which resists the flow of elections which it slows down the speed of electrions and we name it ohms using the Greek letter omega Ω

New Zealand

New Zealand is often forgotten on maps, even their own government 404 page shows a world map with New Zealand missing.

Located 1200 miles or 2000km away from Australia and 600 miles or 1000km away from New Caledonia, Tonga and Fiji, New Caledonia is French meaning that France is their nearest neighbour.

The country is made up of two main islands, the main island is the North Island or Te-Ika A-Maui, which holds around 3/4ths of the population and has a land mass of about 42% of both islands, and the bigger but less populated island is the South Island or Te Waipou-Namu with around 56% of the landmass.  
The last 2% of New Zealand is made out of 33 smaller islands off the coasts, the largest of them being Stewart Island south of South Island,
then the northern Kermadec Islands, and then on the east side the Chatam Islands.

New Zealand is a unitary state divided into 16 councils, with 11 regional councils and 5 unitary councils, while the Chatam Islands act independently as a separate territory authority. 

The second largest city Wellington holds the title of the most southern city in the world, but Auckland which is in the north is the capital city, with around 1/3rd of the population, and it has the largest and busiest airport, Auckland International. 
The 3d largest city is Christchurch which is on the South Island and it has the second busiest airport Christchurch International. 

New Zealand has more land than just these, as they also have 3 New Zealand Island territories, and free-associating Island nations, with them being Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue.

Tokelau considers itself as a Non-self Governing Independent territory, and they have a territory dispute against American Samoa on Swains Island.
Both Niue and the Cook Islands are self-governing states in free association with New Zealand.
Along with the fact that Tokalau has 2500+ people on less than 5 square miles of land over 3 islands, they did become the first fully solar-powered country in the world, but not a 'sovereign' nation-state but they kinda count.

Then there is the Ross Dependency which is New Zealand's claim for Antarctica since they are the closest, but they cannot claim part of Antarctica because of the Antarctic Treaty which states that no nation can claim land on Antarctica.

But the strange part comes when we want to place New Zealand in a continent, most say it is part of the region of Oceania, which is Australia and everything else in Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia.
We tried to group New Zealand and Australia in one region named Australasia but it doesn't share a continent with Australia. 
So we made a sub-continent called Zealandia, the name comes from a man named Bruce Lyuendyk, who said it is more a Micro continent or Continental fragments.

Places to visit include:
The world's steepest street at an incline of 38°, the Auckland Museum, the Auckland Sky Tower you can jump over it via bungee jumping, the Maori village in Rotorua, the International Antarctic Center, Hobbiton (the film location of The Hobbit), Marlborough wine fields, the 90-mile beach (actually it is 56 miles or 90km), Waitomo caves with glow worms, frying pan lake the largest boiling lake in the world, the Maraki sperical boulders. 

The scenery here makes this a very good place for filming movies. Movies like: Mission Impossible Fallout, Lord of the Rings, and Narnia.

New Zealand is in the Ring of Fire on the convergence of the Pacific and Australian plates, in the south the tallest peak mount Cook or Aoraki at 12,000 feet or 3,700 meters. 
The Kaweka mountain range can be found in the north since it is in the ring of fire, it is affected by earthquakes and volcanic activity, with 83 known volcanos on the island, with the largest one Ruapehu on the North Island. 

On South Island, there is a bank peninsula, and the nearly perfect circle on Mount Taranaki, along with Mount Taranaki Lake Taupo in the Taupo Caldera which is one of the largest super volcanos on earth, then following the lake is the longest river on the country the Waikato.

Since the country is shaped weirdly, no place in the country is more than 80 miles or 128km from the ocean, but one of the most interesting parts of New Zealand is the Fjordlands near the Tasman Sea, and Milford Sound is the most popular due to it being able to be accessed via roads.

Due to their location New Zealand's land is very diverse, along with being volcanic so they have geothermal geysers, and being near the south means they have glaciers, alpine forests, and even a small desert in the middle of North Island.
There is a special type of beach containing magnetite named Magnetic Sand Beaches, in which the sand is magnetic. 

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Diffusion

When Molecules are left alone, they will want to want to move randomly, the proper term is that the particles will move from a place with high concentration to a place with a lower concentration. 

This can happen in gasses and liquids, for example when you spray perfume it diffuses throughout the air so it is very fragrant, 
or smoke comes out of the car the gasses from the car's exhaust disperse into the air, and if you add food colouring to water.

Diffusion can also occur through materials like cell membranes, usually only really small things can fit through cell membranes, things like water, glucose and amino acids can pass through cell membranes. 

There are three types of diffusion:

Firstly is the Concentration gradient, the larger the concentration gradient the higher the rate of diffusion if we were hypothetically to have two boxes, one on top and one on the bottom, and we put more particles inside the top box and put very little in the bottom one. 

The top one would have a harder time passing through the cell membrane compared to the bottom one since they have a different amount of particles one having much more than others. 

The second is Temperature, the reason is that particles will move faster due to the heat and that the heat gives the particles more energy, a higher temperature helps with the rate of diffusion. 

Lastly is a Surface area, which the higher surface area the higher rate of diffusion, 

The Modern Periodic Table

As you know everything on Earth is made out of specific combinations of atoms on the periodic table, you read it from left to right and top to bottom, the order of these atoms is not random, as the elements are arranged in increasing atomic number or the number of protons the element has. 

The periodic table was made in the 19th century by Dimitri Mendeleev

The periodic table has symbols each explaining what the element is, the two-letter symbol is the Nuclear or Elemental symbol like Na for sodium or Ca for calcium. And on the bottom left is the Atomic number which is how many protons the element has, and finally is the mass number which is the total amount of protons and electrons an element has. 

When Dimitri was plotting the table, he found a pattern, so instead of arranging the elements in a straight line.

He instead made verticle columns which he named periods every time the pattern repeated, each element in each period has similar properties and is called a group,  going from 1 at the leftmost, to 7, but the last group is dubbed group 0, named the noble gasses these are the most stable elements on the table. 
For example, Helium which has one shell, has two electrons and since they don't need to gain or lose electrons to be stable, so that makes them very stable.

Also, another thing to remember is that the block of metals between groups 2 and 3 doesn't have.

The reason why elements are grouped this way is because they have the same amount of elections in their outermost shell, and depending on the group and how many elections it has affects how the element reacts with other elements.

Using the group numbers you can figure out how many electrons they have in their outer shell, while every element has a different amount of electrons.
All group 1s have one electron in the outer shell, and group 2 has two in their outer shells.

Let's start with the Alkali metals, which are in group 1 since they have the same amount of electrons in their nutshells.
They share similar properties, for example, they all react violently with water.

Group 7, named Halogens, have seven electrons in their outer shells, and they get less reactive the lower you go.

 

Hydroelectricity & Tidal Barrages

Hydroelectricity uses large dams that prevent 'free-flowing' water by slowing the water down. 
Hydroelectric dams stop water from flowing from upstream to downstream, and after a while, these dams make reservoirs with lots of water closely resembling a pond.

How Tidal Barrages work on tides via the moon's gravity, twice a day we get high tide and using that high tide we trap the incoming water from flowing downstream. 
And when it starts to become low tide we release the water enabling us to gather electricity, these tidal barrages are built in estuaries which is where the rivers meet the sea. 

The way these work is they generate electricity using gravitational potential energy to generate electricity.
Inside the tidal barrages and hydroelectric dams are turbines under the water that turn when the water flows, they are then connected to a generator that produces electricity.

The pros of running these hydroelectric generators are that the running costs are low, these can be done on small to big rivers, hardly any pollution and are super reliable as an energy source.

But there are some cons, hydroelectric dams tend to flood areas since they have to release tons of water to generate electricity completely flooding natural habitats for animals and plants, and even flooding villages due to the large amount of water.
Along with the setup being expensive, due to the scale of the tidal barrages and hydroelectric dams.