Nutrients

 Nutrients are very important; without proper nutrients, we would not function properly.

The common nutrients are:
Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins.
Vitamins and Mineral ions.
Fibres and Water.

Nutrients are gathered from the foods that we eat, let's start off with the most common ones carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, these come from our pasta, potatoes and breads, these carbohydrates are often very starchy, these carbohydrates give us energy which is used for us to move around and conduct chemical reactions in our bodies.

Next are Lipids, which are the other name for 'fats', found in fatty foods and oils. These fats are commonly found in seeds, dairy products, and types of oily fish. The difference between these liquids and oils is that oils are liquid at room temperature, but fats are solid. 

They also provide energy to our bodies, but compared to carbohydrates, this energy source is more long-term since fat can be stored for longer compared to carbohydrates. Fats are also inside our bodies, with it being a layer of fat to keep us warm under our skin, and they also keep our organs safe.

Proteins are commonly found in seeds, fish and meats, and legumes like beans and lentils. These proteins are needed for growth and repairing damaged tissues, but the amount of energy that they can provide is much less compared to lipids or carbohydrates. If we don't have enough of either, the proteins can suffice.

Vitamins and Minerals are different as vitamins are from living organisms like while minerals are from inorganic sources, like iron, which is needed much less compared to vitamins.
Vitamin A are gathered from eating leafy vegetables and livers, other vitamins like vitamin C from oranges or other citrus fruits are meant to stop you from getting scurvy, which happens when you don't have enough vitamin C and can cause your gums to bleed. 
Vitamin D is gathered from standing in the sun, as, strangely enough, the body makes vitamin D from sunlight, which is the best way to get it.
Other sources, via eggs and oily fish, the purpose of vitamin D is that it helps your body absorb Calcium.

This is a good segue to what Calcium is, which is a mineral, and is commonly found in milk and leafy veggies. If you don't have enough Calcium, then your bones will deform from a disease named Rickets.
Last is iron. If you have done the experiment where you crush up cereal, you will find small magnetic chunks of iron in the cereal, which our bodies need for helping red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body.
If you don't have enough iron, then you might get Anemia, which is when the body can't transport enough oxygen to your tissues, and is a vital part of haemoglobin. This is found in foods like red meats, beans and spinach.

Lastly is Fibre and Water are also nutrients with their own purposes. Fibre is considered to be a type of carbohydrate, but the key difference is that we don't absorb it into the body, its purpose is to help food move through our intestines, which helps us not get Diarrhea or be constipated.
Water is important since 70% of our bodies are made of water, and is found in all drinks. certain fruits also supply us with water, like strawberries and watermelons. We need it for chemical reactions in our bodies, along with making urine, which is waste and sweat, to keep our bodies cool. 

In order to keep a balanced diet, we need all of the nutrients. If we take too little, then we might contract certain diseases, or if we eat too much, then we might have too much excess fat, so that we would become obese.

Instead of using Joules for energy, we instead write the energy that food gives us with calories, so the more calories the more energy, as stated above the amount you need varies to what your doing, if your doing sports then you might need more food or energy to gain back the lost energy when doing activities, or if your growing as children need lots of energy to grow, while the elderly take less since they don't have to grow, and if your pregnant than you need to eat more since your body is forming an infant. 

Enzymes

For living organisms to survive, they need to carry out chemical reactions, which are often very slow, so to speed them up we normally apply heat to quicken the reaction.

Now, using heat has its side effects. If we use too much heat, the cells might get damaged, and it might also speed up reactions that we don't want.

In chemical and biological applications, Catalysts are substances that increase the rate that something happens and are not used up or changed,
Enzymes are biological catalysts made by living organisms. They are proteins, which are long chains of amino acids that can bend and fold, making them unique.

Enzymes work by taking a large structure, which we call a substrate, and breaking it down into smaller structures named products.
They can also do it in reverse, where they convert products into structures.

They also have a special region in them, which they can specify what they want to catalyze, and if the substrate doesn't match the catalysts, then it won't help catalyze the substrate.

There are two ways scientists thought it worked one way is the lock and key model, and then the induced fit model.
Before we figured out the induced fit model, we thought the catalyst needed to fit perfectly to the substrate being a 100% perfect match both ways, similar to what a lock and key is where the key has to be the same in order for the lock to open.

We do know now what the Enzyme will slightly reshape itself in order to help the substrate fit better, the Enzyme 'compliments' the substrate by fitting better, 

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

If we take a look at smaller organisms, something to take notice of is that they can use diffusion to exchange substances with their environments.
If we look at humans, we need specialised systems for transport via the heart and blood vessels, like our intestines and lungs for breathing and expelling waste.

The single-celled organisms have to constantly be doing chemical reactions to survive, like gathering amino acids, glucose and Oxygen, and getting waste like carbon dioxide out.

Everything has a Surface area to Volume ratio, for example, a cell has a higher surface area to volume ratio than a cow, as when organisms increase in size, the surface area to volume ratio decreases.

Now calculating this kind of thing is a bit confusing for organisms, instead we will use a small 1cm by 1cm by 1cm cube.

To calculate the surface area, you must first get the length and the width of one face, and multiply them together, so 1cm*1cm is 1cm^2 or 1cm squared, then you multiply it by 6 because a cube is six-sided, to get 6cm^2.
To get the volume of the cube, you need to multiply three values, which in this case is 1cm*1cm*1cm, to get 1cm^3, or 1cm cubed.
So at the end it has a ratio of 6:1, because it is six times bigger than the volume of the cube.

Now if we take another cube and instead of it being 1cm*1cm*1cm, it is 2cm, first we take one face of the cube and multiply it by its height and width (2cm*2cm), then which gives us 2cm^2, then we multiply it by six because six-sided cube then we get 24.

Then the volume is 8, by multiplying all the values 2cm*2cm*2cm, giving us 8cm^3 or 8cm cubed, so putting it into an equation would give a ratio of 24:8, which we can simplify by dividing both equations by 8, which gives us a ratio of 3:1.

Stem Cells

Stem cells are very important, they are mainly Adult Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem cells.

There are mainly two key features of stem cells, one of them is that they can divide by Mitosis, and the other key feature is that they are able to differentiate or turn into specialised cells, one can split and turn into a skin cell, or a blood cell.  

When a Sperm cell fertilises an egg cell. It forms a Zygote, then it undergoes mitosis and forms an Embryo, these are embryonic stem cells.
These cells are embryonic so they can differentiate into any kind of cell, nerve cell, skin cell, brain cell, and in time differentiate into different kinds of cells, then after 9 months, we have an infant baby.

Now let's move to an adult, their stem cells are very different from embryonic stem cells because they can only differentiate into a more narrow range of cells. 
These cells are more specialised, like bone marrow which is inside of our bones and contains adult stem cells, but since they are more specialised, they can only turn into cells. Red blood cells, Platelets and White blood cells, these cells can keep us alive, but they don't form any new tissues. 

Now plant stem cells are a little different known as Meristems found on roots and tips of shoots, as these stem cells are found where the plant is still growing, these stem cells are still persistent and are still used throughout the plant's life, unlike our stem cells when we reach adulthood.

If we can change these damaged or faulty cells, with new cells we can treat these ailments. 
In order to get these stem cells, scientists first gather embryonic cells, then grow them in a laboratory, then stimulate them into the type they want, and then give them to the patient who needs the stem cells. 

Gregor Mendel and pea plantts

 Inheritance means you "Inherit" certain traits, and that usually comes from the form of genetics, when you are born you inherit traits from your parents, maybe their eye or hair colour, their facial features, or health problems like diabetes, heart disease, or schema.

But if you were to have a sibling, and while your sibling has eczema while you don't, that's a bit strange.

Well, a person named Gregor Mendel, who was a monk in the 19th century, experimented on a simple pea plant.

Now you are probably wondering why did he not experiment on humans, one reason is that it can take decades for humans to be test subjects. As they take years to grow and mature, and can only produce a few children making data collection slow and time-consuming. A plant can have thousands of offspring has a faster growth rate, and matures much quicker. 
And also it is a matter of ethics, where it's not really ethical to ask a woman to get pregnant to see what the child looks like compared to the father. 

Using Mendel's research scientists and common folk alike can predict certain genes from their parents. Parents before the baby is born will often guess what the baby will look like. Like if the father has brown eyes, or the mother has black hair. 

Johann Gregor Mendel born from 1822 - 1884, is commonly referred to as the "Father of genetics", he was a teacher, a scientist, and a man of Christian faith.
Although his education was expensive, he graduated from both high school and university and then joined the Augustine Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno, which is now modern-day the Czech Republic.

He actually went against his father's wishes, instead of focusing on the family farm. He instead went to pursue his education and personal interests, supported by the monastery. He taught: Physics, Botany, and Natural science, at the secondary and university levels.

Then in 1856, he started his decade-long study on patterns of inheritance.
Going from mice to honeybees, to plants and settled on the Pea as his main "primary model system.
A "primary model system" is used when a researcher or scientist wants to study and use an easier specimen, such as the pea plant.
Because studying a pea plant or the model system is much easier compared to humans. By using a model system to learn the basics of inheritance, we are able to form the very basic principles of inheritance and apply them to other organisms like humans.

Mendel created these parameters to measure the differences in parent and child plants: height, flower colour, seed colour, and seed shape.
At first, he was pure-breeding them (using two parent pea plants), then after a few breeding sessions, he noted that the pure-bred plants were nearly identical to the parents, then once the boh parent plants made two children, Mendel would cross-breed the two children.
Mendel would write down the similarities between generations of pea plants and the results were they were extremely similar.

The first generation found that he found the dominant trait was tall, while the recessive trait was short. In the second generation, Mendel allowed the plants to self-pollinate. Then the hidden short trait was revealed. And appeared in the minority of plants, with a 3:1 ratio.

Mendel also found out that a plant can inherit multiple properties independently, as the height of a plant did not intrude on its ability to have different flower colours or seed shapes.

Then in 1865, he presented his findings to the local Natural History Society.
He announced his theory on inheritance with nearly 30,000 pea plants he worked on.
He presented that: There are two types of genes, dominant and recessive, as the dominant would mask the recessive gene,
the paired factors would separate during the gamete (either the sperm or egg) and one gamete would inherit one other factor. 

He then made the "Law of segregation", and in 1866 he wrote a book titled "Experiments in Plant Hybridization" in the Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn.

Sadly Mendel's work was unnoticed by his peers for the value they held, and his studies went against what was believed about inheritance, Mendel's approach to biology with a mathematical perspective was seen as taboo.

Then around the 1800s the idea of "Blending inheritance" came about, and the theory that the genes that a child has "blended" genes from their parent since they look similar and similar traits are shared between parents and their children. But this theory did not explain why Mendel, when crossbreeding his pea plants crossbred a tall and short one, and the seeds from that crossbreed were mainly tall peas.
If the blending theory were to be correct, the crossbreed between a tall pea plant, and a short one, was that it would make a medium-height pea plant. But that is not the case.

As Mendel proposed, the plant's height was affected by inheritable factors which were inherited by the offspring of the parents.
But in humans, our height and many other features, inherit fractions of the parent's genes. This makes it exceedingly difficult in certain cases to notice a change affected by the parent's genes. As it is difficult to discern changes in the offspring it can appear to look like blending. 

Then in 1868, Mendal at age 42 became an Abbot for his monastery and set his studies aside to work on his pastoral duties. But his work was undervalued and mostly unknown until the year 1900 when his work was found, tested and revitalized.

The pea plant or "Pisum sativum", pea plants was the most convenient for studying gene inheritance and is still used today by geneticists to study inheritance. The key part of why the pea plant was used is that it is a self-fertilizing plant. Meaning it makes both the sperm and egg reproduce and it has the added benefit of producing a lot of seeds in its high-speed life cycle.
Thus Mendel sought to use this fact in practice, he was able to make "true" bred peas and made sure to breed them so that they always follow the parent's genes.

Along with the fact that they are easy to crossbreed, this is done by getting the pollen from the anthers and giving it to a mature pea plant in its carpal of a different variety. 
To make sure a plant did not self-pollinate. Mendel painstakingly took out all the anthers on his pea plants.

For Mendel's experiments,  he wanted to study their height and how inheritance affected the variances in height. So he set up two generations, one short, one tall.

Then Mendel did a crossbreed between one purebred short and one purebred tall pea plant, and named this generation P.  

Punnett Squares

Let's take a square, and let's split it into quadrants. Let's use eye colour for this example, and put two brown uppercase B's in the top left and right, and then put an uppercase B, and a blue lowercase b, in the bottom two squares.

Since we put them as uppercase the two uppercase B's are the more dominant trait, and the small blue lowercase b's are the recessive trait.

So the chances that a child between these parents (uppercase b's) has a 50% chance to have a child that has brown eyes, but a 0% for a child to have blue eyes, keep in mind the uppercase B's are Genotypes, while the lowercase blue b's are Phenotypes.

Now, let's cross two parent flowers, one red, and one white, and when you combine the red and white alleles, you get... Pink. This is blending, it's a mixture of the two colours, and the traits that both parent flowers have, and they are both incompletely dominant, so they blend instead of having one or the other. 

Now let's try blood types, let's pick three for this example: A, B and O blood types, Let's say one parent has an AB blood type, meaning they have both A and B types, and they do not blend as they are both dominant alleles. And are co-dominant

Let's say another parent has an A blood type, and their phenotype is an A blood type, and their genotype is an O blood type. This is interesting about blood types as O is recessive, while both A and B blood types are co-dominant.

All the combinations are as follows: AA which means that you have only A blood alleles, AB meaning you have both A and B alleles and are co-dominant,
AO and BO blood types are still going to be A blood types because the O allele is recessive. So there's roughly a 50% chance to get a A blood type.
So if you want yourself to be a O blood type, both of your parents must carry a O blood type.

Alleles and genes

 Imagine the DNA being a sort of string (it's actually a sort of double helix, but imagine a string to make it easier).

Different parts of this string can be coded for different proteins, let's say that a certain part of this string is coded for DNA replication and another part for the pigmentation of your eyes. 

The most primitive life ever found was self-replicating RNA.

Introduction to heredity

 Heredity is inherited from traits from parents.

Some traits seem to dominate, like skin colour, hair colour, and height. 
The study of what gets passed on via genes was much, much older than the study of DNA.
The father of heredity study is Gregor Mendel who was actually a monk and he would experiment with plants and see which plant would follow which parent DNA more.

Certain traits are more prominent than others. An Allele and a Gene are very different and have defining characteristics for both, Gregor mentally was doing this in the 1850s.

Let's take two random chromosomes from the father, and mother, and on the chromosomes is a Locus, which is where the gene for the eye colour comes from, and let's say these are Homologous chromosomes, so they code for the same allele.
Now if both parents have different eye colours the person would be a heterozygote. Which is a heterozygous genotype. If both parents have the same eye colour of genes the person is a  homozygous, or this a homozygous genotype.

But Mendel discovered and learned something we will call dominance, this refers to one of the traits inherited from the mother or father is the more dominant gene. Now let's take two genes: One having blue eyes (the more dominant gene), and the other having brown eyes (the recessive gene).
And since brown eyes are the dominant gene, most of the people who have both genes will most commonly have brown eyes, which is named a Genotype.

Now a Phenotype, for example, let's say you have a brown eye allele from both parents. You will see that you will have brown eyes.

Apoptosis

The word Apoptosis comes from Greek: Apo meaning "Away" and Ptosis meaning "Falling".

Literally meaning "Falling Away", which is a type of cell death.
Apoptosis is one of the ways cells die.

One way is Necrosis, a type of death where the cell will swell and explode. This isn't an ideal cell death as when it "explodes" it can damage other cells around it and can cause cells from the immune system that cause inflammation as the immune system cells might believe that those parts from the cell that recently died from necrosis are invading the body and attacking it.
The human body tries its best to avoid necrosis as it usually happens when the body is exposed to a chemical toxin and it causes the cell to die unnaturally.

The other way is Apoptosis which is the less extreme way of cells dying, for example when your hands are forming in your mother's womb, your hand starts out in a sort of paddle, and Apoptosis widdles it down to form your fingers.
Apoptosis is kinda like dissolving the cells.

Another place where Apoptosis shows up is in a tadpole, when a tadpole turns into a frog, the cells use Apoptosis to remove the tail. 

Apoptosis is happening all the time in your body. It is meant to keep the cells from multiplying too much, while not damaging the cells around it. As too many cells can cause cancer.

Also when cells suffer from DNA damage, if they can't fix it by themselves, they undergo Apoptosis. So with Apoptosis, it can save you from cancer. 

Keep in mind that not all cells will die to Apoptosis. Some will die to Necrosis 

Human fertilization and early development

 When sperm wants to go to the egg, it is actually one of several 100,000,000,000 sperm cells that had a race to see who would get to the female egg first, as when you are born these many sperms would race to see who would be the one that combination of DNA from your father.

A sperm cell is a gamete from your father, and an egg cell is a gamete from your mother.
Each gamete has 23 chromosomes, not chromosome pairs, but chromosomes.
Once the egg is fertilized, the 23 chromosomes form the 46 chromosomes or 23 paired chromasomes.

A Zygote is a fertilised egg, which has 46 chromosomes is made out of two cells or nuclei, but these aren't fully fused yet so they are named pronuclei, which is where most of the genetic makeup of your father and your mother is given to construct you.

Once this happens the cells start dividing, splitting into 2, then 4, and you get a cell division every couple of days. Until you have 16 cells named morula which after 5-9 days, the morula keeps splitting and now has around 200-300 cells, which is now named a Blastocyst.

Doctors and scientists use a table which plots the average childbirth process. But they always start on week 2, why week 2?.
It is because of a gestational age. Which starts when the mother has her last menstrual cycle. Note that this could be 2 weeks before the day of conception of the embryo.

At week 2, starting the embryo stage, which starts the human embryo at the size of a blueberry.
Appearing 7 weeks after the conception of the embryo. Most would call this a fetus. Being around 5cm in size, the boundary between embryo and fetus is not really well defined, but most if not all believe that after the 12th week, it is a fetus.

Around the 42nd to the 46th week or the 9th month is when the baby is ready to be extracted by the mother. 

But the 27th to the 30th week or 7th month has a viable survival chance if the baby were to come out of the womb, it would survive, but most wait for the 42nd week.

By the 5th month or the 23rd to 26th week, if the baby were to come out it would have a fifty per cent survival chance.

 

Phases in Meiosis II

There could be an Interphase II which only happens to certain cells which you could consider as a "rest period", but Meiosis II starts with Prophase II 

In Meiosis II, it has two cells, the nuclear envelope dissolves again, and the chromosomes in the dissolved nuclear envelope have the chromosomal crossover from the father and mother chromosomes, and the centrosomes duplicate and now there are two centrosomes. And they start migrating to the sides of the cell.

Metaphase II still has the two cells, but each cell has two centrosomes and they migrate to the sides of the cell and they are using their "fibres" to connect to the centromere (the things between the chromosomes.

Then in Anaphase II, they start to pull apart as the two sister chromatids that make up a chromosome, now are being ripped apart.

Telophase II is when it splits into four cells, where each cell has one unravelling father and one mother chromosome, then the nuclear envelope forms again, the micro tubulars dissolve.

Phases in meiosis I

Meiosis is a process where germ cells divide to produce gametes, such as sperm and egg cells.

For example let's take a germ cell, and let's give it two chromosomes from the father, and two chromosomes from the mother, this is considered a diploid since there are four chromosomes.

Interphase

This germ cell will go through interphase, and now the chromosomes from the father will have connected together via a centromere, but it is still one chromosome, but it just has double the genetic material, this is now made of two sister chromatids but since there are two chromosomes and they both went through interphase we have double, two sister chromatids, they have double the DNA but they have the same genetic information. The same thing happens to the mother's chromosome too.

Prophase

The beginning of miosis I is prophase I, each of the chromosomes in the Holomogous pair, has two sister chromatids so you have four chromatids, this is sometimes called a Tetrat, in this tetrat, the DNA in it could be code for eye colour, skin colour, or height genes.
These sister chromatids can overlap and cause the father chromosome to recombine with the mother chromosome, it might have been coded for similar genes, but now it has the mother's DNA, and now the father chromosome has the mother's genes.

Metaphase

In Metaphase I: The microtubules are now forming to bring everything closer together, in the cellular membrane the Centrosomes are on the left and right side of the membrane, and there are two chromosomes, aka two sister chromatids and they have some chromosomal cross-overs, the father chromosome has some genes from the mother chromosome. The mother chromosome has some chromosomal cross-over from the father. And some normal father and mother chromosomes without chromosomal cross-over.

Then the Microtubules  push the Centromeres (connected to the Chromasomes) and Centrosomes away from each other

Anaphase 

In Mitosis the Sister Chromatids get pulled apart to become two daughter Chromosomes, in Anaphase the Chromatids stay together, instead the Homologous pairs get pulled apart, the Centrosomes pull the Chromatids apart and to each end of the cell, and the way they pull the Chromatids is random.

Telophase

The Homologous pairs start unravelling into their Chromatin state, and then the Nuclear membrane forms around the two unravelled Chromatins, and the microtubules dissolve and turn into Haploid cells, which have a "Haploid number" of two Chromasones each Chromasones have two sister Chromatids, then the sister Chromatids from each of the Chromasones and turns them into to daughter Chromasones.

Cancer

 Once cells feel too cramped they will have "contact inhibition", when they feel they feel something wrong about themselves, they kill themselves.

There are actually around 37.2 trillion cells in the human body.

Let's say there's a cell with a couple of mutations (there's a small chance every cell in the S phase can mutate, most of the time it's harmless, and sometimes it's very harmful).
Let's say there's a cell that has a mutation that stops it from experiencing Apoptosis which is what kills the cell, and a mutation that causes it to replicate faster, and this cell quickly makes lots of copies of itself during mitosis, and the large amounts of copies have defects, as they can't kill themselves if they feel something is wrong. This is called a neoplasm.

Most of the time they combine together and form a lump and then if it gets large enough it becomes a tumour. If it becomes a certain size it becomes a Benign tumor which is harmless. But let's say the Benign tumour has a mutation that causes it to grow fast and it might become invasive, where it wants to infiltrate everything and invade other tissues, but not yet, he's still a cell, and what do cells do?.
They Replicate, so there are lots of these cells running around trying to infiltrate everything around them causing chaos, maybe another mutation causes it to break off from the group and start attacking other parts of the body, organs, heart, and lungs.

Thus the cells have Metastasized, and they keep mutating, keep causing problems by taking other cells' jobs and hurting the body, they are called Cancer Cells.

Mitosis

So in the cell we currently in Metaphase, we have two sister chromatids 

Now we are in mitosis so the nuclear membrane around the chromatids starts to go away and the centrosomes migrate to opposite sides of the cell.

 Inside the Centrosomes there are two Centrioles which are two cylinders. They are all connected via microtubules which are sort of strings connecting everything together, the spindle fibres (microtubules) bind to the kinetochores of chromosomes, NOT the centromeres.

The microtubules pull and push the sister Chromatids around the cell. And they will rip the Chromatids in half and pull each half to each side of the cell. After they are split in half they are called kinetochores and this phase is called Anaphase.

The last phase is called Telophase and then the one cell will split into two and the cycle repeats it self again.

Interphase

Interphase is a phase in a cell's life that a cell spends most of its life in, there are three phases: G1, S, and G2. 

In the first phase (G1), the cell grows and takes in nutrients. In the second (S) phase, the cell's DNA is replicated. Each replicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids connected at the centromere. 

When DNA replicates, it copies chromosomes, and when it copies it, it makes two combined chromosomes named "sister chromatids", the place of connection between the sister chromatids is named the centromere, not to be confused with the centrosome.
We call this phase the "S" phase, or synthesis, even though they are two chromatids they are still considered one chromosome.

In the last phase (G2) there's another growth phase, during this phase, the membrane of the cell gets larger and after it reaches its preferred size, the cell is then ready for mitosis. 

How Ecosystems and Biodivercity works

Firstly how does an ecosystem work, an ecosystem works when organisms work together and interact with each other.
When more organisms interact with each other, the more complex it is, and if it is more complex it is more secure.

Why is it better for it to be more complex than a simpler ecosystem? 
One reason is biodiversity, biodiversity is when there are a lot of organisms in an ecosystem thus being more biodiverse.

What is biodiversity

and why is it important in a food chain?
well, there are organisms that work in a food chain, for example, let's take a deer, a plant, and a lion,
the order of the food chain would be Plant > Deer > Lion.

The plant is what is called a "Producer" as the plant produces the vegetables for the deer to eat, and then the lion can eat the deer, and then when the lion poops, the plant takes back the nutrients in the poop and make more vegetables for the other deer to eat, and the cycle repeats.

What is the lack of biodiversity?

Okay, let's try another example of biodiversity, let's take the internet, it is like an ecosystem right?

Let's take your phone and Google as examples, if your phone randomly disconnects from the internet the whole internet is still intact, as it is not heavily reliant on it but if Google randomly stopped working, the ecosystem of the internet would collapse.

This is exactly like if you remove the plant from the Plant > Deer > Lion example, as that would cause the deer to die due to lack of food, and the Lion because no more deers.

But that's when a complex ecosystem comes in. It is for the deer to feed even if one species of plant is dead, there are more to eat and to keep the deer population alive.

The same with Lions, as they don't only eat deer, they also eat other animals. And that is why a more complex biodiversity ecosystem is pessary for a large ecosystem to thrive.

And why when animals go extinct it is bad for biodiversity as removing the Lions would cause a large amount deer population to skyrocket and if there is more than the carrying capacity of an ecosystem it can collapse.