Efficiency

When transferring energy from one form to another, there will be some energy lost during travel.
Like when you charge your phone using electrical energy and it goes into your phone's battery for chemical energy, it loses some of its energy due to heat. 

There is an equation for calculating useful energy:

Efficiency = Usefull energy output / Total energy input.

But if you are using Power:

Efficiency = Useful power output / Total power input.

Let's take two lamps, one powered by iridescent bulbs and one powered by LEDs, and let's say the iridescent lamp can convert 45 joules to light energy, while the LED can convert 225 joules into light lets figure out how many times more efficiently the LED lamp is compared to the iridescent bulb.

First let's give 300 joules of power to each bulb, and figure out which one is more efficient with the 300 joules. 

So we divide the 45 joules from the iridescent bulb by 300, then we get 0.15, and then we can calculate the LED bulb which is 0.75.
Then we divide the 0.75 by the 0.15 giving us 5, meaning the LED bulb is 5 times more efficient than the iridescent bulb. 
If you mess up the flip of the order of division, you will notice immediately because you will get a value bigger than 100% or a value bigger than 1.

Most of the time, you would want this in either decimal or percentage terms, so to get these numbers, you would need to multiply it by 100.
So, if you wanted to convert 0.15 and 0.75, you would need to multiply it by 100 to get 15% and 75%, then once again we can do 75% / 15% to get 5 again so that we know fully that the LED bulb is 5 times more energy efficient than the iridescent bulb. 
If we were to do the equation wrong, instead of dividing the 225 / 300.
We instead do 300 / 225, we would get 1.33 or 133%, which is impossible as you can't go over 100% in efficiency and not over 1 in decimals because this would be making joules of power which is incorrect because matter cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transferred.

Let's take a new subject, a microwave, with an efficiency of 70% and a total output of 800 watts. Once the equation is: Usefull power output / Total power input, it is 70% / 100% which is 0.7. So to get the useful power output we have to once again multiply the 0.7 by the power input of 800 watts.

So we multiply 0.7 * 800, and we get 560watts, as you know all devices leave some sort of waste when they are using energy, like when you use a electronic device some of the chemical energy and lose some energy in the form of heat.
But for things like electronic heaters, the "wasted energy" is then turned intoT

Stem Cells

Stem cells are very important, they are mainly Adult Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem cells.

There are mainly two key features of stem cells, one of them is that they can divide by Mitosis, and the other key feature is that they are able to differentiate or turn into specialised cells, one can split and turn into a skin cell, or a blood cell.  

When a Sperm cell fertilises an egg cell. It forms a Zygote, then it undergoes mitosis and forms an Embryo, these are embryonic stem cells.
These cells are embryonic so they can differentiate into any kind of cell, nerve cell, skin cell, brain cell, and in time differentiate into different kinds of cells, then after 9 months, we have an infant baby.

Now let's move to an adult, their stem cells are very different from embryonic stem cells because they can only differentiate into a more narrow range of cells. 
These cells are more specialised, like bone marrow which is inside of our bones and contains adult stem cells, but since they are more specialised, they can only turn into cells. Red blood cells, Platelets and White blood cells, these cells can keep us alive, but they don't form any new tissues. 

Now plant stem cells are a little different known as Meristems found on roots and tips of shoots, as these stem cells are found where the plant is still growing, these stem cells are still persistent and are still used throughout the plant's life, unlike our stem cells when we reach adulthood.

If we can change these damaged or faulty cells, with new cells we can treat these ailments. 
In order to get these stem cells, scientists first gather embryonic cells, then grow them in a laboratory, then stimulate them into the type they want, and then give them to the patient who needs the stem cells. 

Power & Work Done

First of all, Power is the rate of energy being transferred, the equation for this is P=E/T or (Power = Energy / Time).

Work donee works at what rate "Work" is done, so if you push a car down a ramp it is considered to be work done, the equation for this is P=W/T or (Power = Work Done / Time). 

But both these follow the same measurements, power is in watts, energy in joules, and time in seconds. 

So let's use both equations to figure out which lamp is better.
Lamp 1 transfers 1200 joules over 20 seconds.
Lamp 2 transfers 1500 joules over 30 seconds.

For this equation, we will use the first equation, or the P=E/T. Now, we plug in lamp 1's numbers, so 1200J / 20s = 60 watts.
For the 2nd lamp, we put 1500J / 30s = 50 watts.
So even though the second one has more power in the form of joules, because of its time in seconds, the amount of power (watts) is worse than the 1st. 

Let's figure out how much power an 1100-watt microwave need, so first let's turn it on for 3 minutes. First lets change out 3 minutes into 180 seconds by multiplying the 3 * 60(minutes), now we can do 1100 * 180 =  198,000 joules. But when we get a big number we can convert it to kilojoules or 198,000 / 1000 = 198KJ.
  

Reducing Unwanted Energy Transfers

To reduce unwanted energy transfers the most common types are insulation and lubrication. 

For example, when you want to keep a drink cold in a cooler box with ice, you are insulating the box to keep it cold.
This is the same as closing all the windows in your house to trap heat or cold air so that it doesn't escape through convection. Then we have to reduce the heat loss from solids which is conduction, to combat the loss of heat houses are built with thick walls to keep the heat trapped. But certain walls have gaps between the outer and inner walls, which is a space that can also lose heat, so we put an insulator (usually foam) between the outer and inner walls of the house to trap the heat in.
Windows are also important to help reduce the amount of heat or energy lost, and the amount of glazing on the window pane.

Now about lubrication, which is used in all kinds of machinery, typically oils or greases, from wheels to ball bearings, to doors moving, if it moves normally it's pretty oily to the touch and was lubed to make it move smoother.
This also helps with reducing heat conduction which

Mitosis

Cells in every living being need a new supply of new cells, as when you are growing, repairing or undergoing development you need new cells to replace the old cells, like our skin cells which will always fall off our bodies and need to replace themselves.

Every cell has a "Cell cycle", along the lines of.
Growth, DNA replication, Mitosis and Division(Cytokineses).

Firstly the cell grows in size, and now it has more Mitochondria and Ribosomes, usually when a cell is not trying to reproduce and duplicate its DNA is now a noodle-like substance, but once it is ready to duplicate the DNA condenses into Chromosomes.
These affect things in humans like eye colour, Eukaryotic cells like animal cells have two copies of chromosomes which are named 'pairs' of chromosomes, one chromosome is from their father while the other is from the mother.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes so in total we have 46 chromosomes, but other species of life have different numbers of chromosomes, this is why animals cannot reproduce with other animals with different numbers of chromosomes like if an elephant and a bird were to have offspring they have different numbers of chromosomes so it would not work.

So when a chromosome wants to divide into more chromosomes, it first duplicates the 46 chromosomes, but the duplicate stays attached, so you get these X-shaped chromosomes, you might hear people talk about these chromosomes that have "arms". The right arm has the same amount of DNA as the left arm. Keep in mind this is all happening inside a human cell.

Once the cell is ready to divide, the chromosomes start to move to the centre of the cell, and after fibres or microtubules start slowly pulling the arms of both sides of the chromosomes splitting them in half and pulling them to each side of the cell. Pulling it to the 'poles' of the cell, and this breaks the cells apart, this happens to all 46 chromosomes inside the cell.

After all of that, we are finally able to do Cytokeneis or division, the cell membrane and cytoplasm pull apart making two daughter cells.
With the same DNA and the 46 chromosomes split between them, so each cell has 23 chromosomes, and then they repair, and undergo the same cycle infinitely repeating and duplicating. 

Distillation

Distillation is necessary when separating liquids from solutions, which are liquids with a solute inside, like sea water mixed with salt.

For Simple Distillation, first, we must get 2 beakers, one with an offshoot and one without, and connect a glass pipe to it with a water sleeve. 

Stab a thermometer through a bung or cork atop the beaker, and seal the beaker, on the offshoot we put a pipe which is known as the condenser.
And then we put a cold water sleeve surrounding the condenser, and we put a Bunsen burner below the beaker.

Once the water starts to heat up it starts going into the condenser pipe and starts getting cold by the cold water sleeve and condenses on the walls of the condenser turning into liquid and going off into the offshoot and going into a separate beaker that the condenser is pouring into.

But some liquids like: Methanol, Ethanol, and Propanol have similar boiling points, when we heat them up more than one will be separated, so it is very hard to separate them into pure substances. 

For these elements, we need to use Fractional Distillation, which is similar to simple distillation. However, we use a glass filter in the beaker, so when the liquid boils, it filters through the glass.
So let's go back to methanol with a boiling point of 65°c, ethanol at 78°c, and propanol at 97°c.  
So if we start heating up, we will get to 65°c, and then the methanol will start to heat up, boil, and rise up the fractal collum filled with glass rods. It would then go into the condenser and water sleeve and condense into liquid methanol, which would be collected in the beaker at the end of the condenser.

But maybe some of the ethanol and propanol might also follow the vapour of the methanol but since they would get in contact with the cool glass rods, they would condense back into their liquid forms.
Now for the ethanol, firstly lets change the beaker for a fresh and empty one. And now we heat up the solution up to 78°c and once again a bit of the propanol might follow but once it hits the glass it goes back to being liquid. 
Lastly, for the propanol, you must turn the heat up to 97°c, and then the propanol goes into the water sleeve and condenses

Netherlands

Don't call this place Holland as that is just one part of the country.

The country is along the North Sea bordered by Germany and Belgium in the south, the country is split between 12 provinces and their names are as follows:

Limburg, North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overijssel, Drenthe, Gronigen, Friesland, North Brabent, and Flevoland.

They have two capitals, Amsterdam their largest and economic hub of the city home of the Royal Palace, and the 3rd largest city the Hague acts as the second capital, which holds the sea of government and the international court of justice. 
The second busiest city is Rotterdam which holds the title as the busiest sea port in Europe.  

Their busiest airport is Amsterdam Schipol International, Europe's 3rd busiest airport carrying about a 70million passengers annually. 

Apart from the main country they also hold islands in the Caribbean, from the colonisation, known as the Dutch Caribbean,
the Netherlands is a country that is technically made up of 4 countries. They are Aruba, Curacao and Saint Maarten, which is shared with the French island Saint Martin, so from a technical standpoint the Netherlands borders France. And they have their own constitutions and currencies.

The remaining 3 are Bonaire, St.Eustatius, and Saba, these three are municipalities and do not belong to any province, they did adopt the US dollar as their currency. 
This island lay in the region known as the Lesser Antilles.
Aruba, Curacao and Bonaire are known as the ABC islands lying in the
sub-region Leeward Antilles.
While Saint Maarten, St.Eustatius and Saba islands are known as the SSS islands in the sub-region known as the Leeward islands.
At one point all 6 of these Islands were named the Netherlands Antilles, with their capital in Willemstad in Curacao and even competed in the Olympics.

In the 2000s the Netherlands gave the islands multiple choices, they could either have closer ties with the Netherlands, remain in the Antilles as they are, have autonomy in the constituent country within the kingdom of the Netherlands, or just be completely independent of the Netherlands.
Aruba, Curacao and Saint Maarten voted for autonomy.
St.Eustatius, Bonaire and Saba wanted closer ties with the Netherlands and special municipality status.

Waterways are important here in the Netherlands as water is used as a form of transport, there is even a city named Giethoorn with no roads and only canals.
Around the 9th century, people made Dijks which act as walls from the sea, because they were tired of the land being flooded, the Netherlands claimed around 20% of their landmass from the sea or 1/5th of their country.
If all the Djikes exploded and broke, the whole country would flood and drown.

Notable places to go here are The Teylers, Stedjik, Hague and Maritime Museums, and the most famous ones the Rijks Museum in Amsterdam, the Royal Palace, the Van Goth Museum, and the Anne Frank House.
Castles like: Muiderslot, Paleis het loo, Kasttle de Har, Valkenburg, Palesis Het Loo, Heeswijk.
Many star-shaped towns, and amusement parks like Slagheren, De Efteling, Drievilet and Hellendoorn just to name a few, the Baarle Nassau exclaves and enclaves with Belgium, the biggest flower garden in the world Keukenhof, Austerlitz Pyramid, Hunebedden an ancient burial site, over 1000 historical windmills in the Kinderkijk area which is a UNESCO heritage site.  

The Greek philosopher Pytheas said in ~300 BC "More people have died here against the struggle against water than man". 

The Netherlands is the lowest country in the world elevation-wise, around 1/4th of the land, 1/5 of the population lives below sea level, and 1/2 of the land is above sea level. The lowest part of the Netherlands is Zuidplaspolder, and the highest part of the European part of the country is Vaalserberg over 1000 feet high or 322 meters high.
But the highest part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is Mount Scenery which is a potentially active volcano on Saba in the Caribbean.

The Rhine River in Europe ends in Rotterdam, the largest manmade lake or bay is Ijssemeer which is contained in the N-22 and N-302 highways. In order to prevent flooding, the Dutch had to make the Delta Works which are large levees which close off sea estuaries, acting as a sort of blockade to stop their whole country from being submerged. 

In the north, the Valden Islands act as a sort of Natural barrier against the sea, with the land reclamation from the sea giving the Netherlands one of the largest open sand drifts in all of Europe.

The Netherlands is still a very strong nation, ranked in the top 20 usually at 16-17th place in world economies, and 5-10th largest exporters in the world.
They have the oldest stock exchange in the world dating back to 1602.

Although they sell 80% of the world's tulip exports and half of the world's flowers, their main source of income is energy and service. Shell is one of the companies that started in the Netherlands, along with Phillips which made the first tape recorder.

Wildlife is very important here as the Dutch make pathways over highways for animals to cross, over 70 mammals live here, hares, hedgehogs, stoats, and deers. 

According to the government website, they produce more than 65 billion Euros from vegetables, fruit, flour, meats and dairy products.
They also bred the first orange carrots, it was meant to honour the king.

Foods to try here are Stamppot, Dutch Poffertjes, Appletaart, Bitterballen, Splitpea soup, Rootworst, Stroop waffle, lots of dishes involving potatoes, Brimed herring and smoked Eel, Gin was invented by the Dutch too, Chocolate sprinkles on toast or Hagelslag, and Gouda cheese (pronounced Hau-da).
Also, they used to produce the most beer in the world until Mexico beat them, along with Indonesian, Malay and Suranamese dishes like Satay.

With a population of over 18 million people, it is the most densely populated country in Europe. With around 77% being Dutch, 10% Europeans, and 13% being Turkish, Indonesian, Molucca, Sudanese and Americans. 

Euro as their currency, with types C and F plug outlets and they drive on the right side of the road.

Dutch is the national language, but most if not all speak English, being ranked very high in the amount of proficient English speakers, with around 9/10 people being able to speak English comfortably around 94% are Bilingual.  
But there are two more languages spoken here Frisian which is spoken in the Friesland region and Papiamento, which is a Dutch creole spoken on the ABC islands. 

The Dutch are one of the tallest peoples in the world, the first in Europe and tied with South Sudan in Africa. Men averaging at 6"1" and women around 5"7". 

Mostly due to natural selection, as most people correlate that being taller helped with being more athletic, successful and healthy, so practically all of the short people were eradicated due to natural selection.

Historically the Dutch were Christian Protestant, around 50% or half of the population is unaffiliated one side being Agnostics or Iatists which are people who are more spiritual than religious, and around 5% being Muslim.
Although Christianity is not the whole country's religion it does have a massive cultural effect on the population. Christmas and Easter are widely celebrated by them in their own ways.

They were once a large empire practically on every continent, at one point Australia was named New Holland and New Zealand after the Zeeland province in the Netherlands, and New York was once named New Amsterdam.

Strangely a Dutch is saying "Doe Normaal", translating to "Act Normal". 

The Dutch are among the few remaining Monarchs on earth, but are considered a "Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy." 
Although this does suppress most of the power from the monarchy, the king is still widely considered to be a 'friend of the people' and they also have a holiday named after him and the whole country wears the national colour of orange.

The Dutch also have 'controversial laws' they allow, such as same-sex marriage, legal prostitution, euthanasia, and tolerance to recreational drugs, anything around 5 grams max above is a misdemeanour, you must be 18+ to use it though.

They are world-famous for Field Hockey, Speedskating and Volleyball, they also go sailing a lot, and do this thing called "Sail Amsterdam" every 5 years.

Strangely 1/3rd of the population is born at home instead of in a hospital. 

Clogs which are wooden shoes, were used by artisans, fishermen and other working-class people because they had to protect their feet from fishooks or sharp objects. 
Since newer shoes are much better and boots are more common, very few people still wear them but mostly sold as souvenirs. 

The symbol of the Netherlands is the windmills scattered around the country with about 1200, and was mainly used for pumping out excess water for farmland.

The music here is very Dutch since they contributed to the Baroque period or around the 1600s after the Renaissance, with composers like Jan Pieterzoon Sweelinck organ players like Jacob Van Eyke and vocalists like Unico Wilhelm Van Wassenaer.

Clogs are also used in folk dance for percussion, strangely most Dutch enjoy EDM music