Most atoms to be stable need a full outer shell, let's start with the element sodium, which has an atomic number of 11 meaning there are 11 protons and that there is 11 electrons in one sodium atom.
Using the Bohr model, with shells, the first shell will always be full, and require the least amount of energy and it has a limit of 2 electrons.
The second and third can hold 8; the order also matters. You normally add them in the top, right, and left positions, then repeat the order. Basically, you add them clockwise until you fill the shell or run out of electrons.
Since sodium or Na has 11 electrons, sodium is unstable and wants to react with another atom, to become a 'full' or 'complete' atom. S
Atoms like Neon have full outer shells, meaning they don't want to gain or lose elections since they are balanced.
In group 0 in the periodic table, the Nobel gasses have full outer shells. One such gas is the element Argon, which has an atomic number of 18, meaning it has 18 electrons.
So, let's figure out where the electrons are on the shells. First, we put 2 in the first shell, then 8 in the second and third. Another way to represent the locations of the electrons is an Argon atom: 2, 8, 8. Orr 2 in the first, 8 in the second, and 8 in the third. Usually, you will write them as crosses or dots.
What about calcium, since calcium has 20 elections, you would write it as 2,8,8,2.
Calcium atoms are unstable since they only have 2 out of 8 elections in their outer shells, but if the outermost shell gets removed the 2 electrons that are unstable make the calcium atom stable.
This thus makes this calcium atom a calcium ion normally when we write it on paper, we write a bracket around it.
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